农业灌溉的负效应

农业灌溉在提高农业抗灾能力、促进农业发展、改善人民生活中都发挥了十分重要的作用。但同时,灌溉打破了原有水量平衡、水土平衡、水沙平衡和水盐平衡。造成的负面效应有:水污染加剧对物理系统、生物系统(动植物和人类健康等)产生负面影响;水资源短缺降低了历史文化景观价值,对社会系统产生负面影响。应加强流域和区域灌溉水源统一调度,协调灌溉用水和生态环境用水的关系,大力发展节水灌溉,加强灌溉工程运行管理,减小农业灌溉负效应。     

滹沱河灌区水资源利用对策研究

通过调查研究,总结了滹沱河灌区水资源利用存在的问题:水资源利用率和灌溉保证率低、水的利用系数低、灌区内水资源管理不协调、流域水资源管理混乱等。经过分析论证,建议采取实现现有水源工程的高效利用、加快灌区的续建配套与节水改造步伐、提升水工程调配水平、强化基层水利工作、实行水资源的统一调配、积极调整农业生产结构等对策。研究成果为灌区水资源管理利用提供参考。     

西藏贡嘎江南灌区水资源供需分析及利用对策

通过对贡嘎县江南灌区现状及规划水平年水资源的供需分析,指出合理修建引江水源工程、开展井渠双灌,是改善当地人畜、工农业发展等水资源供需平衡的重要保障,是改善当地地表地下水资源平衡的重要措施,是促进当地经济发展腾飞的重要条件。     

基于农业和农村经济结构战略性调整的水利发展

水利是农业的命脉。要做好水利工作,就必须认真研究和把握农业发展的阶段、形势和任务,并以此调整水利发展的思路,切实采取有效措施,为农业发展提供强有力的支撑和保障,进而为经济社会发展作出更大的贡献。 一、现阶段农业和农村工作的中心任务 现阶段,我国主要农产品由长期短缺变为供需总量大体平衡、年年有余,农业发展由资源约束变为资源与市场双重约束。以黑龙江省为例,全省1999年的粮食产量达307.5亿公斤(人均粮食830公斤),到2000年1月末,全省粮食库存已达     

浅析农业节水激励机制

在市场经济条件下,有效的节水激励机制是实现水资源有效利用的前提,是保障农业节水顺利实施的重要手段.结合我国农业现状,从管理激励机制、经营激励机制、农民激励机制和人才激励机制角度探讨了农业节水激励机制的形式和措施,并建议在现有相关法律的基础上,建立科学的约束激励机制,实现公开、公平与公正,为有效实施激励手段提供了一个良好的操作平台,促进农业可持续发展和水资源的可持续利用.     

On the rationalization of water management for food production

This paper, the second of two (the first published in Water Resources Management 3, 1989), sets out to specify the ways and means of defining a water management strategy for food production as an ordered set of principles and measures designed to exploit and/or operate the system of irrigated agriculture in the optimum manner in order to achieve the predetermined objectives and maximum economic results. To this end, alternatives with regard to project size, irrigation method, mode of operation, cropping pattern and calendar should be evaluated by means of simulating irrigation system operation and agricultural performance. The optimum scenario is selected by analyzing the balance of water resources and irrigation needs as well as by comparing the expected relative crop yield and the guaranteed rate of target yield achievement of different scenarios. Irrigation and crop production regines are then defined for the selected scenario, taking into account the expected water availability and/or scarcity. Furthermore, short- and medium-term measures, designed to optimize the operation of the system and its agricultural performance, are outlined. Finally, the paper identifies the aim of long-term measures as the stabilization of the system's overall performance, balancing the effects of expected population growth (especially in developing countries) and ensuring the positive biogeochemical development of the land.     

Computerized and Dynamic Model for Irrigation Water Management of Large Irrigation Schemes in Saudi Arabia

Irrigation water consumption in Saudi Arabia represents about 90% of the national water use, and the limited groundwater resources are the major water supply for irrigation. Improper irrigation water operation accounts for significant water losses in some large irrigation schemes. Consequently, the use of advanced techniques in irrigation operation and scheduling is essential for the reduction of irrigation water demands. A new and original Computerized and Dynamic Irrigation Water Management System (CDIWMS) was developed for automatic and/or manual irrigation operation and scheduling of irrigation schemes containing a large number of fields. The CDIWMS is supported by a comprehensive and dynamic database management system. The system performs several functions, including the dynamic modification of field information and operation conditions such as the delaying or suspension of irrigation, and the setting of fields for cutting or harvesting. The model was tested and implemented successfully in several large irrigation schemes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using full automation and manual operation. The implementation of the CDIWMS has resulted in a saving of more than 25% of the water, energy and costs of operation and maintenance, and in an increase in agricultural production.     

深化水价改革促进灌区可持续发展

水价改革的目的是达到灌区水资源可持续利用、促进灌区发展和农民增收。本文以宝鸡峡灌区水价改革实践为基础,论述了灌区水价改革的必要性和管理措施及成效,对农业供水价格改革具有一定的借鉴作用。     

A multiobjective fuzzy linear programming model for sustainable integrated operation of a multireservoir system

Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of water, with high significance in India as the majority of its people depend on it. Rainfall uncertainties, and uneven distribution of utilizable water over space and time, have presented a serious challenge to irrigation water management and crop production. Surface water reservoirs play a major role in supplying irrigation water and also addressing uneven water distribution to some degree. Varying water requirements for different crops under multiple canals, however, requires that planners develop an optimal crop planning for the efficient operation of a multireservoir irrigation system. The spatial and temporal water transfer within a multireservoir irrigation system necessitates integrated operation of all the involved reservoirs. Thus, integrated operation of a multireservoir system is a fundamental requirement for efficient irrigation water management, and also become a key issue for sustainable agricultural development. This study derived an optimal crop plan for the integrated operation of a complex multireservoir system with intrabasin water transfer, using a multiobjective fuzzy linear programming (MOFLP) approach. The MOFLP model resulted in a level of satisfaction of 0.46, with an irrigation intensity of 102.18%, and a total crop area of 149 232.10 ha. The optimal policies were furthermore assessed with various statistical indicators with a simulation model, indicating they are performing well, with high reliability and resilience for longer periods.     

Monitoring and evaluation of Nigeria's irrigation systems: The case of the Bakolori irrigation project

One of the major banes of water resources development projects in Nigeria is lack of effective monitoring and evaluation. This apparent neglect has resulted in the inability to complete projects within the stipulated period, escalation of costs, poor design and construction works, and inevitably poor performance. This article reports the result of a diagnostic survey of the Bakolori Irrigation Project (BIP), one of the most controversial schemes in Nigeria. It is suggested that project monitoring and evaluation should be made compulsory on all irrigation projects in Nigeria, if they are to make any meaningful beneficial impact on the rural development process.     

黑龙江垦区大型灌区自动测报系统的建设

灌溉农业是黑龙江垦区的支柱产业。而大型灌区又是商品粮生产的重要基地。但是由于现有各灌区都不同程度地存在着缺少必要的现代化管理设施，水资源的利用不合理等问题，影响了灌区效益的充分发挥。针对这些问题。提出今后要加强灌区自动测报系统的建设，以确保灌区良性循环，繁荣垦区经济。     

对节水灌溉与粮食安全的认识

近几年来，保障粮食安全已经成为世界各国特别是发展中国家日益关注的重大政治、经济和社会问题。在我国由于人口增加，耕地面积减少，水资源的严重不足，对我国未来的粮食安全产生直接影响。水利的发展证明了灌溉对农业生产的发展发挥了主导作用。采用节水灌溉技术可以提高灌溉水的利用效率和使用效率，进而提高未来粮食生产能力。保证粮食安全，促进农业可持续发展。     

石头河灌区水资源价格管理体制改革探析

石头河灌区是陕西省关中地区五大省直灌区之一,通过对灌区水资源价格管理体制运行现状的分析,指出长期缺乏灵活的水资源价格调整机制,使灌区水资源价格严重背离实际价值,处于无价或低价状态,水资源浪费严重,水资源价格调整困难。针对这些问题,提出灌区应根据水资源条件、水利工程管理状况和投入的实际,结合群众的收入和社会经济情况,通过建立合理定价机制、理顺体制,规范管理和进一步完善水费计收办法等措施促进水资源价格管理体制改革,实现水资源价格管理体制改革的平稳过渡和顺利推进,促进灌区的良性运行与发展。     

浙江诸暨桔槔井灌工程遗产及其价值研究

桔槔井灌是最古老的灌溉方式之一。浙江省诸暨市赵家镇的桔槔井灌工程群是目前仍在使用的灌溉工程遗产。本文通过田野调查、文献考证等方法,分析了诸暨赵家桔槔井灌的历史演变、遗产构成、工程特性及其科技文化价值。研究认为,赵家镇桔槔井灌的延续使用有其特殊的自然和历史背景;其历史起源可追溯至12世纪,外来移民利用此地优越的地下水资源条件,因地制宜地使用简易而有效的桔槔提水、发展灌溉农业,逐渐繁衍形成村落。灌溉工程体系规划科学、设计完善、管理有效,并在发展过程中衍生出独具特色的文化。诸暨桔槔井灌遗产具有独特的历史、科技和文化价值,是早期灌溉文明的活化石,近几十年遗产范围快速萎缩,应予科学保护。     

供需双侧调控下水稻灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调评价与优化研究

对于水资源主要消耗用户和粮食重要生产基地的大型灌区,进行供需双侧调控是缓解灌区水资源供需矛盾、提高区域高质量可持续发展的重要途径之一。为了揭示灌区水-能源-粮食复杂的协调关系,针对性地开展系统优化调控。首先基于系统评价理论构建大型灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度评价模型,再基于灌区水资源系统模拟模型,以灌区水-能源-粮食耦合协调度最大为目标,以灌区主要作物水稻种植比例、水库分级分期旱限水位、水稻需水关键期限制供水比例作为优化调控变量,结合加速遗传算法,开展基于水资源供需双侧优化调控的灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调评价与优化调控研究。杭埠河灌区应用结果显示:优化调控确定的灌区水稻种植比例、水库分级分期旱限水位、水稻需水关键期限供比例,相较于灌区运行现状能提高水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调水平,双季稻种植面积一定程度恢复使粮食产量明显提高,优化的水库旱限水位及水稻需水关键期水库限供比例,可在提升灌区干旱年份水资源利用效率的同时,较好地降低粮食作物因旱减产损失。可见,开展灌区供需双侧优化调控能显著提高灌区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调性和适配性,可为提高水资源利用效率、布局主要粮食作物生产以及落实灌区水利高质量发展实施途径提供参考。     

新时期汾河灌区可持续发展的思考

汾河灌区在山西省农业和社会经济发展中具有重要的地位,文中分析灌区水资源、骨干水利工程状况、末级渠系管理与建设、信息化发展以及生态环境方面存在的问题,结合水利现代化的要求提出相应对策,阐述了通过调蓄塘库群系统建设、节水改造和续建配套工程、末级渠系改造、灌区公用信息平台开发以及创新农户参与灌溉管理组织形式等途径可实现汾河灌区的可持续发展。     

宁夏惠农渠灌域水资源优化配置研究

宁夏惠农渠灌域按取水水源和取水方式分为4个子灌域,在水资源管理上分为引黄自流灌溉、动力扬水灌溉、井渠结合灌溉、沟(河)道提水补灌4种模式。该灌域水资源管理利用存在的问题主要有缺乏统一管理的机制,引水总量不足,水利工程设施薄弱,沟水污染严重,农业灌溉水市场无序等。提出惠农渠灌域水资源优化配置的建议:重新进行水权分配,加快灌域水利工程建设,尽快出台水资源统一管理、机井运行管理等规章,同时赋予惠农渠管理处一定的行政职责,以对全灌域各类取水活动实施统一管理、统一调度。     

天津市农村水利科技发展方向的思考

农村水利是农业的命脉,农村水利科技为科研成果向农业生产转化,以及为农村水利建设起到了非常重要的推动作用。天津市农村水利科技工作当前主要集中在引进、推广和示范农业工程节水,农业灌溉计量,农村饮用水处理,农村水环境,水土保持,以及开展农村水利科学技术普及宣传等方面。未来一段时期,天津市农村水利科技将以服务多功能农业开发为目的,开展农村水利基础、管理、信息化和人才培养等方面的研究,使农村水利科技更好地为农村发展服务。     

文峪河灌区未来灌溉用水量平衡分析及对策

根据灌区水土资源开发利用现状,分析未来保障粮食安全对灌溉发展的需求及灌区水资源对粮食生产的支撑能力,提出未来灌溉发展潜力,进行水土资源平衡状况分析并提出对策。     

新技术在节水农业中的应用

我国水资源严重匮乏,存在水质性、浪费性、工程性、资源性等4大类型的缺水,为提高农业生产效率,实现农业产业结构的优化,发展节水农业势在必行。本文简单介绍了目前我国应用比较成熟的几种节水灌溉措施及其节水潜力。