黑河中游盆地地下水流建模的若干问题

针对建立地下水流概念模型和数学模型时往往忽视井孔描述和井流特征分析等问题，以黑河中游盆地地下水流建模为例，重点剖析了目前国际上应用最广的MODFLOW软件在模拟混合抽水井时的不妥之处，并采用符合地下水流机理的“渗流-管流耦合模型”来解决混合抽水井和观测孔的模拟问题；采用分别对“点泉”、“面泉”进行描述的方法来解决泉流量的模拟问题；提出了“滞后入渗补给权系数”及各时段入渗补给量的确定方法来解决河流、渠系、降雨滞后补给潜水的描述问题。同时，建立了包含达西流-非达西流的地下水三维不稳定流数学模型。     

基于复合型进化算法的地下水污染反演模型

污染源位置和污染物排放浓度的快速确定直接决定着地下水污染的有效治理及修复,这属于地下水反演问题。通过充分分析地下水污染反演问题,耦合地下水流模拟程序MODFLOW、溶质运移模拟程序MT3DMS和优化算法SCE-UA,设计了一种模拟-优化(S/O)反演模型。通过实例验证,反演结果表明:提出的网格遍历GT算法可以自动验证潜在污染区内所有可能的污染源位置组合方式;与传统地下水污染反演模型相比,S/O模型不但能够适用于稳定流条件,而且适用于非稳定流条件;所开发的S/O模型对于多污染源分别在稳定流和非稳定流下的反演均有非常高的精度,能够准确反演污染源位置及污染物排放浓度。     

基于随机水流网络的土壤水非均匀运动数值模拟

用显色示踪方法通过试验研究了黏土的非均匀流动模式,建立了离散网络模型,根据土体的统计特征描述相互作用的大孔隙和流动通道,构建水流运动的网络系统与小孔隙连续介质的耦合模型。用控制体积有限元法求解两区土壤水分运动的基本方程,采用整体法将土壤基质水流运动方程和不规则水流网络区水流运动方程耦合,解决了网络通道交叉引起的水流相互影响的问题,提高了计算效率。模拟与实验结果对比表明,离散网格模型及方法较好地描述出了优先流运动的特点,比等效连续体模型更为有效的刻画了土壤水流非均性规律。     

大区域含水层中局部复杂水流过程的多尺度模拟

精细刻画带有小尺度特征的局部复杂水流运动过程,是大区域地下水流运动数值模拟的重要议题。本文建立了一种能进行多时空尺度数值离散的三维地下水流运动耦合模型,用以获取全区域大尺度解及多子域小尺度高精度解。模型采用基于达西定律的三维水头插值算法,以实现多空间尺度模型耦合;同时,针对局部复杂水流条件,进行小尺度模型边界水头二阶时间曲线拟合及自适应时间步长插值,以实现多时间尺度模型耦合;此外,在局部问题的求解上支持任意边界形状及空间范围内的多个自由加密子网格离散,从而充分节省计算成本并保证计算精度。本文以通用地下水模型求解软件MODFLOW在高密度时空网格上的解作为参照解,对比分析了模型在多时空尺度、非匹配自由网格问题中的求解精度。相比传统局部加密或全局加密模型方法,本文模型能大幅度减小矩阵规模和求解工作量;相比传统局部加密多网格耦合模型,本文模型能更精确地刻画局部尺度的复杂水流运动过程。本文模型耦合方案可作为大区域含水层中精细刻画小尺度复杂水流过程的高效数值工具。     

一维河网非恒定水沙数学模型研究

在已有研究的基础上,建立了适合复杂区域的河网非恒定流水沙数学模型.建立过程中考虑到计算精度和计算速度的要求,水流求解采用汊点分组方法,同时本模型选用了较符合河网泥沙运动的汊点分沙模式.最后通过长江中下游长河段的水沙运动模拟表明,建立的河网水沙数学模型能够满足实际工程需要.     

地下水流与河网水流的耦合模型

从河道水流一维不稳定流(扩展的圣维南方程组)有限差分的递代方程和地下水的有限元数值方法出发，通过河道四周地下水流与河道水流的交换流量把两个模型数值计算的矩阵方程从理论上耦合起来.理想水文流域系统的计算结果表明，模型的设计是合理的     

洪泛区河网非恒定水沙数学模型的研究

鉴于江河流域中下游地区交错复杂的河网体系 ,本文建立了适应性强的复杂河网区非恒定水沙数学模型。模型中采用汊点分组方法求解水流方程组 ;选用了与实际情况较为吻合的汊点分沙求解方法 ,建立了分洪口门修正模式 ,采用适合于复杂流动状态下泥沙方程组的求解方法。同时为了提高模拟精度和扩展模拟功能 ,对河网中蓄水汊点和分蓄洪区的水流运动模拟等环节提出了合理可行的数值处理方法 ,并提出了河网水沙运动模拟中进一步需要研究的问题。最后把本文所建模型应用于汉江杜家台分蓄洪区的水沙运动模拟     

河网非恒定流数值模拟及应用研究

基于平面二维圣维南方程以及下游水位流量关系,采用非正交的四边形网格,以及水面-流速校正的Simple算法,建立了复杂河网区二维非恒定水流数值模型,采用有限控制体积法(FVM)进行数值计算.为了减少长河段或流量剧烈变化河段的计算误差,模型的数值计算中对下游断面水位流量与内点的数值离散进行了耦合求解.利用大渡河下游沙湾至乐山的河网河段天然实测及拟建安谷水电工程物理模型实验资料,对模型参数进行了率定和验证,并计算出工程前后河段槽蓄量变化.研究成果表明,该数值模型能够模拟复杂河网洪水演进并获得了较高的数值精度.     

越流系统水流运动规律研究综述

阐述了越流系统水流运动规律研究的必要性,介绍了该领域的国内外研究现状,对越流系统研究方法及模型的建立、低渗非达西流的存在性、低渗非达西流的判据以及有关低渗非达西流的模型与运动方程等问题进行了评述,指出越流与低渗非达西流的耦合问题是今后越流系统水流运动规律研究的一个重要的发展方向,需要从不同的空间尺度和时间尺度两方面对越流系统中水流的非达西作用以及固结、弹性储释水等对水流的影响开展研究。     

济宁市调水量的确定

济宁城区由于长期超采地下水引发了一系列环境地质问题，在分析该地区水文地质条件以及地表水与地下水相互转化关系的基础上，建立地表河流与地下水流耦合模型，并对耦合模型的参数进行了率定，而后建立济宁市需水量预测模型，并预测未来年份的需水量，将其与自回归模型预测的未来年份降水量以及河流水位代入耦合模型，运用Visual MODFLOW中的Zone Budget模块计算城区含水层蓄水量的变化，确定保证含水层处于正均衡或基本正均衡状态时所需调用的地表水量。     

3-D VARIABLE PARAMETER NUMERICAL MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF THE PLANNED EXPLOITABLE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE IN RE-GIONAL UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS

In order to correctly evaluate the exploitable groundwater resource in regional complex,thick Quaternary unconsolidated sediments,the whole Quaternary unconsolidated sediments are considered as a unified hydrogeological unit and a 3-D unsteady groundwater flow numerical model is adopted.Meanwhile,with the consideration of the dynamic changes of the porosity,the hydraulic conductivity and the specific storage with the groundwater level dropping during the exploitation process,an improved composite element seepage matrix adjustment method is applied to solve the unsteady flow problem of free surface.In order to eva-luate the exploitable groundwater resource in Cangzhou,Hebei Province,the hydrogeological conceptual model of Cangzhou is generalized to establish,a 3-D variable parameter numerical model of Cangzhou.Based on the prediction of the present groundwater exploitation,and by adjusting the groundwater exploitation layout,the exploitable groundwater resource is predicted.The model enjoys features like good convergence,good stability and high precision.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF MEANDERING RIVER BASED ON 3-D RNG k-ε TURBULENCE MODEL

A 3-D numerical model for calculating flow in non-curvilinear coordinates was established in this article. The flow was simulated by solving the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the RNG k-ε turbulence model. In the horizontal x-y-plane, a boundary-fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system was adopted, while in the vertical direction, a co-ordinate transformation was used to represent the free surface and bed topography. The water level was determined by solving the 2-D Poisson equation derived from 2-D depth averaged momentum equations. The finite-volume method was used to discretize the equations and the SIMPLEC algorithm was applied to acquire the coupling of velocity and pressure. This model was applied to simulate the meandering channels and natural rivers, and the water levels and the velocities for all sections were given. By contrasting and analyzing, the agreement with measurements is generally good. The feasibility studies of simulating flow of the natural river have been conducted to demonstrate its applicability to hydraulic engineering research.     

A SPLIT-CHARACTERISTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR 1-D UNSTEADY FLOWS

An efficient and accurate solution algorithm was proposed for 1-D unsteady flow problems widely existing in hydraulic engineering. Based on the split-characteristic finite element method, the numerical model with the Saint-Venant equations of 1-D unsteady flows was established. The assembled finite element equations were solved with the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm. In the semi-implicit and explicit scheme, the critical time step of the method was dependent on the space step and flow velocity, not on the wave celerity. The method was used to eliminate the restriction due to the wave celerity for the computational analysis of unsteady open-channel flows. The model was verified by the experimental data and theoretical solution and also applied to the simulation of the flow in practical river networks. It shows that the numerical method has high efficiency and accuracy and can be used to simulate 1-D steady flows, and unsteady flows with shock waves or flood waves. Compared with other numerical methods, the algorithm of this method is simpler with higher accuracy, less dissipation, higher computation efficiency and less computer storage.     

SIMULATIONS OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TOTAL DISSOLVED GAS SATURATION DOWNSTREAM OF SPILLWAYS UNDER UNSTEADY CONDITIONS

Dams are often operated in a way to discharge over the spillways, which would cause a high dissolved concentration of air and be harmful to fish. The bubble transfer and the water surface transfer play an important role in affecting the concentration of the Total Dissolved Gas (TDG). Based on recent numerical simulations of the total dissolved gas saturation, in this article, a two-phase TDG transport equation is adopted to develop an unsteady three-dimensional (3-D) two-phase flow Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, including a number of parameters such as water depth, pressure and air volume entrained. This model is used to predict the hydrodynamics and the TDG distribution under unsteady discharge conditions. Good agreement between measured and numerical results is obtained for a case study.     

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION ON QUASI-3-D GROUNDWATER FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING TO AVOID SPURIOUS OSCILLATION

In this article, the finite element solution of quasi-three-dimensional (quasi-3-D) groundwater flow was mathematically analyzed. The research shows that the spurious oscillation solution to the Finite Element Model (FEM) is the results choosing the small time step ?t or the large element size L and using the non-diagonal storage matrix. The mechanism for this phenomenon is explained by the negative weighting factor of implicit part in the discretized equations. To avoid spurious oscillation solution, the criteria on the selection of ?t and L for quasi-3-D groundwater flow simulations were identified. An application example of quasi-3-D groundwater flow simulation was presented to verify the criteria. The results indicate that temporal discretization scale has significant impact on the spurious oscillations in the finite-element solutions, and the spurious oscillations can be avoided in solving practical quasi-3-D groundwater flow problems if the criteria are satisfied.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF MEANDERING RIVER BASED ON 3-D RNG κ-ε TURBULENCE MODEL

A 3-D numerical model for calculating flow in non-curvilinear coordinates was established in this article. The flow was simulated by solving the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the RNG κ-ε turbulence model. In the horizontal x-y-plane, a boundary-fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system was adopted, while in the vertical direction, a σ co-ordinate transformation was used to represent the free surface and bed topography. The water level was determined by solving the 2-D Poisson equation derived from 2-D depth averaged momentum equations. The finite-volume method was used to discretize the equations and the SIMPLEC algorithm was applied to acquire the coupling of velocity and pressure. This model was applied to simulate the meandering channels and natural rivers, and the water levels and the velocities for all sections were given. By contrasting and analyzing, the agreement with measurements is generally good. The feasibility studies of simulating flow of the natural fiver have been conducted to demonstrate its applicability to hydraulic engineering research.     

蓄滞洪区洪水演进模拟

系统地研究了描述洪水在蓄滞洪区内演进过程的一不恒定流模型和二维流模型，突出对河流与沿河堤外洼地间水流交换的描述和对淹没区各蓄水单元间水流交换的描述及河流与调蓄区水流连接的描述，最后简要介绍了实例。     

三峡电站流量变率对两坝间通航水流影响的三维计算分析

三峡至葛洲坝两坝间航道曲折多变、水流条件复杂,三峡电站在泄洪和日调节时产生的非恒定流,使得两坝间的航行条件更为复杂。通过建立两坝间通航水流三维数学模型,针对电站机组开启过程下泄流量变率产生的非恒定流对两坝间河段通航水流条件的影响,开展了计算分析研究。计算分析了三峡电站机组不同开启时间和不同开启流量情况对典型河段水面比降、表面流速产生的影响及其变化规律。研究结果表明:机组开启时间变化情况下,通航最困难河段水面比降增幅随机组开启时间缩短而加大,但最大表面流速线性增大;机组开启流量变化情况下,水面比降和最大表面流速随下泄流量线性增大。     

潮汐河口平面二维非恒定流数值模拟

本文基于三角形网格划分，采用有限元法，建立了平面二维非恒定潮流数学模型。采用了质量集中、压缩存储的处理方法和“预估校正”的时间推进算法，较好地解决了有限元计算存储量和计算速度问题。对长江口南北支河段进行了验证计算，结果表明模型能较好模拟长江口南北支河段的潮流运动情况，且计算稳定性好、速度快、精度高。