湖底址形对风生流场影响的数值研究

本文利用三维水动力学模型，对定常风条件下，几种典型湖底地形浅水湖泊的风生流场进行了数值模拟，比较了几种典型地形的风生流的垂向平均流场与各分层流场的差异。结果表明：在风场等外部条件相同的情况下，湖底地形将决定湖泊风生流场的基本形态和环流流速，碟形底和斜形底的湖泊所形成的垂向平均流场有明显差异。湖底地形的变化对稳定状态的湖泊次表层、中间层和次底层流场有较大影响，而对表层流场影响不大。湖中有无岛屿将形成截然不同的两种风生流场。     

湖底地形对风生流场影响的数值研究

本文利用三维水动力学模型，对定常风条件下，几种典型湖底地形浅水湖泊的风生流场进行了数值模拟，比较了几种典型地形的风生流的垂向平均流场与各分层流场的差异。结果表明：在风场等外部条件相同的情况下，湖底地形将决定湖泊风生流场的基本形态和环流流速，碟形底和斜形底的湖泊所形成的垂向平均流场有明显差异。湖底地形的变化对稳定状态的湖泊次表层、中间层和次底层流场有较大影响，而对表层流场影响不大。湖中有无岛屿将形成截然不同的两种风生流场。     

太湖风生流及污染物输移扩散数值模拟

建立高精度的太湖三维风生流数值模型和风生流-污染物耦合数值模型,分析了盛行风作用下的太湖风生流特征和风生流驱动下的太湖污染物输移特征。结果表明:稳定后的太湖风生流场,表层流速大于底层流速,表层流向基本上同风向一致,底层流向则与表层大致相反,具有补偿流的特征;风向能显著影响太湖风生流的形态和结构;在垂向扩散作用下,太湖污染物质量浓度沿水深方向上近似均匀分布;在定常风作用下,太湖北部的湖湾区出现多个小尺度闭合环流,不利于污染物的输移扩散,对太湖水环境会产生不利影响。     

定常风场下的太湖风生流水动力特征研究

太湖的主要流动类型为风生流,本文采用数学模型模拟了四种定常风场作用下的太湖风生流水动力特征,总结了风向对太湖风生流分布的影响。研究结果指出：东南风与西北风作用下太湖主湖区存在西部环流、中部环流和北部环流三个大尺度环流,北风与南风作用下太湖主湖区仅存在西部环流和中部环流两个大尺度环流。东南风和西北风作用下,太湖北部竺山湾东北部、梅梁湾东南部和西北部及贡湖湾东北部存在大尺度环流。东风与南风作用下,竺山湾西部、梅梁湾东南部和中部南北两岸及贡湖湾东部存在大尺度环流。定常东南风作用下,太湖表面流向与风向相同,底层流向与风向相反,流向拐点一般出现在相对水深hc=0.8 处。     

太湖风生流特征的数值模拟研究

该文基于对太湖地形和水动力特征的分析,建立了沿垂向平均的太湖二维浅水动力学模型,给出了模型参数和模型的数值求解方法.通过对太湖风生流的模拟,分析了太湖风生环流的基本形态特征,并得到了实测流场的良好验证.进一步对盛行风场下的太湖流场和水动力特征进行数值研究表明,太湖风生流的形成主要由风场、湖泊边界及湖底地形决定;得到了不同湖区的流动规律和水动力特征,并揭示了不同湖区流动差异的形成原因.     

玄武湖混合流数值模拟研究

本文从二维浅水非恒定流的控制方程组出发，建立了玄武湖混合流水动力数值模式，应用伽辽金（Galerkin）有限元法对数学模型求解。对玄武湖出入流2m^3／s流量及5．7m／s均匀定常东北风进行数值模拟验证基础上，研究了出入流2m^3／s流量及6m／s均匀定常东风、西风、南风、北风、东南风、西北风六种风情组合作用下的玄武湖混合流特性。结果表明：玄武湖混合流流场受到吞吐流作用影响较弱，受到风作用影响较强，混合流流态表现为湖区若干环流和沿岸流的有机结合；沿岸流流向与风向一致，湖中较深的地方形成逆风流动的补偿流，流向与风向相反；玄武湖混合流场的形态由风向决定，不同方位风场作用形成的稳定混合流流态不同；对峙方向风场形成的混合流流型相似，流向相反。     

三维水动力学方程模拟太湖风生流

运用垂直方向分 3层、时步为 1 2 0s、水平网格距离为 1km的三维水动力模型 ,计算了 8种风向下的风生流。选取典型风向比较分析不同风向下的太湖风生流的结构特征 ,得出结论 :湖区风场决定太湖风生流流型及方向 ,且对峙方位风场形成的风生流流向几乎相反 ,与现有成果的结论基本一致     

太湖风生流垂向切变规律的原位观测

浅水湖泊垂向环流存在着上下层反向现象,为了探究太湖湖流垂向切变规律,用声学高频流速仪ADV、ADP及风向风速仪在梅梁湾进行了9 d的连续观测;基于获取的高频同步数据,利用概率统计方法,对各层流场在不同风向、不同风速以及持续同向风场影响下的切变率进行了统计分析,并研究了流场垂向分布特征。结果表明:5月太湖梅梁湾在风向为ESE、ES、E,风速2~5 m/s,同向风场持续作用10~11h时,流场基本达到稳定且切变率最大;表层流场(水下50cm)处,切变率最小,为20%,底层流场(距水-土界面7 cm)处,切变率最大达到60%;流向改变的拐点出现在表层至中层,即水下50~100 cm;风速、风向的出现频率,以及同向风场的持续时间决定了流场反向率大小,流场反向率决定了拐点的位置。     

贝加尔湖典型风况下三维流场数值模拟

采用Delft3D模型,模拟分析了在典型的西北风况下,贝加尔湖的水位变化及三维流场结构。数值计算结果表明:①因贝加尔湖纬度高、面积大,所以科氏力的作用十分明显,致使表层风生流流向偏于风向右侧。②在西北风作用下,湖区出现增减水现象,在湖的北部出现减水而南部产生增水,增减水的幅度范围为-10~15 mm。③风生流场的三维结构明显,湖区水体表层水流主流向由北向南;水体中层在湖的南部形成逆时针的环流,在北部形成顺时针的环流;湖区底部水体在中北部出现补偿流。④湖区横剖面上存在弱的顺时针方向的垂向环流。     

太湖湖流、波浪、沉积物的三维数值模拟

运用ECOMSED模拟风速为6.5 m/s定常东南风作用下太湖流场及波浪场,对模型的适用性及可靠性进行验证;在此基础上进行波流共同作用下沉积物再悬浮数值模拟,得出沉积物-水界面切应力及水体中悬浮物浓度分布。结果表明:太湖有效波高范围在9~29 cm之间,有效波高的空间分布与风速、风向和水深有很大的关系,同时波浪对切应力会产生很大影响,而切应力的分布决定了悬浮物浓度的分布,风浪及地形要素是导致太湖悬浮物浓度变化的重要因子。模拟结果与现有实验成果较吻合,说明运用该模型模拟太湖沉积物再悬浮的结果可靠。     

洪泽湖混合流数值模拟

本文通过构造一个二维开边界数值模式，对不同风情及出入湖流量组合情况下的洪泽湖混合流流态进行模拟研究，探讨其混合流特征。     

Feeding Ecology of Lake Whitefish in Lake Huron

We determined diet composition, feeding strategy, prey size, and effects of prey type on food weight and energy in stomachs for lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lake Huron during 2002–04. Age-0 lake whitefish (73–149 mm TL) ate mainly large-bodied cladoceran zooplankton in the summer (July–mid September). Medium lake whitefish (≤ 350 mm TL excluding age-0) generally ate softbodied macroinvertebrates, especially Chironomidae larvae and pupae, in the spring (mid May-June). Zooplankton, if eaten, were generally most important in the summer. Molluscs were generally a minor part of medium lake whitefish diets. Large lake whitefish (> 350 mm) mainly ate molluscs, particularly quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis), despite geographic differences in mussel abundance. Large-bodied crustaceans (Diporeia spp., Mysis relicta, Isopoda) were a minor part of large lake whitefish diets. Lake whitefish demonstrated a flexible feeding strategy, with individual specialization on some prey and generalized feeding on others. The size of benthic prey (Diporeia spp., Chironomidae, and Dreissena spp.) eaten increased with fish size and influenced the energetic value of prey for medium and large lake whitefish. The type of prey eaten affected the food and energy intake differently for each size class of lake whitefish. Age-0 lake whitefish that ate mainly zooplankton had more food and energy in stomachs than fish eating shelled prey or other macroinvertebrates. On the other hand, food weight in stomachs did not differ across prey groups for medium fish, but energy in stomachs was lowest for fish that ate shelled prey. For large lake whitefish, there was no difference in food weight or energy in stomachs for different prey groups.     

Potential Strategies for Recovery of Lake Whitefish and Lake Herring Stocks in Eastern Lake Erie

Lake Erie sustained large populations of ciscoes (Salmonidae: Coregoninae) 120 years ago. By the end of the 19^th century, abundance of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) had declined drastically. By 1925, the lake herring (a cisco) population (Coregonus artedii) had collapsed, although a limited lake herring fishery persisted in the eastern basin until the 1950s. In the latter part of the 20^th century, the composition of the fish community changed as oligotrophication proceeded. Since 1984, a limited recovery of lake whitefish has occurred, however no recovery was evident for lake herring. Current ecological conditions in Lake Erie probably will not inhibit recovery of the coregonine species. Recovery of walleye (Sander vitreus) and efforts to rehabilitate the native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Erie will probably assist recovery because these piscivores reduce populations of alewife (Alosa psuedoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), which inhibit reproductive success of coregonines. Although there are considerable spawning substrates available to coregonine species in eastern Lake Erie, eggs and fry would probably be displaced by storm surge from most shoals. Site selection for stocking or seeding of eggs should consider the reproductive life cycle of the stocked fish and suitable protection from storm events. Two potential sites in the eastern basin have been identified. Recommended management rocedures, including commercial fisheries, are suggested to assist in recovery. Stocking in the eastern basin of Lake Erie is recommended for both species, as conditions are adequate and the native spawning population in the eastern basin is low. For lake herring, consideration should be given to match ecophenotypes as much as possible. Egg seeding is recommended. Egg seeding of lake whitefish should be considered initially, with fingerling or yearling stocking suggested if unsuccessful. Spawning stocks of whitefish in the western basin of Lake Erie could be utilized.     

Lake trout in northern Lake Huron spawn on submerged drumlins

Recent observations of spawning lake trout Salvelinus namaycush near Drummond Island in northern Lake Huron indicate that lake trout use drumlins, landforms created in subglacial environments by the action of ice sheets, as a primary spawning habitat. From these observations, we generated a hypothesis that may in part explain locations chosen by lake trout for spawning. Most salmonines spawn in streams where they rely on streamflows to sort and clean sediments to create good spawning habitat. Flows sufficient to sort larger sediment sizes are generally lacking in lakes, but some glacial bedforms contain large pockets of sorted sediments that can provide the interstitial spaces necessary for lake trout egg incubation, particularly if these bedforms are situated such that lake currents can penetrate these sediments. We hypothesize that sediment inclusions from glacial scavenging and sediment sorting that occurred during the creation of bedforms such as drumlins, end moraines, and eskers create suitable conditions for lake trout egg incubation, particularly where these bedforms interact with lake currents to remove fine sediments. Further, these bedforms may provide high-quality lake trout spawning habitat at many locations in the Great Lakes and may be especially important along the southern edge of the range of the species. A better understanding of the role of glacially-derived bedforms in the creation of lake trout spawning habitat may help develop powerful predictors of lake trout spawning locations, provide insight into the evolution of unique spawning behaviors by lake trout, and aid in lake trout restoration in the Great Lakes.     

Spatial Patterns in PCB Concentrations of Lake Michigan Lake Trout

Most of the PCB body burden in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of the Great Lakes is from their food. PCB concentrations were determined in lake trout from three different locations in Lake Michigan during 1994–1995, and lake trout diets were analyzed at all three locations. The PCB concentrations were also determined in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), bloater (Coregonus hoyi), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), five species of prey fish eaten by lake trout in Lake Michigan, at three nearshore sites in the lake. Despite the lack of significant differences in the PCB concentrations of alewife, rainbow smelt, bloater, slimy sculpin, and deepwater sculpin from the southeastern nearshore site near Saugatuck (Michigan) compared with the corresponding PCB concentrations from the northwestern nearshore site near Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin), PCB concentrations in lake trout at Saugatuck were significantly higher than those at Sturgeon Bay. The difference in the lake trout PCB concentrations between Saugatuck and Sturgeon Bay could be explained by diet differences. The diet of lake trout at Saugatuck was more concentrated in PCBs than the diet of Sturgeon Bay lake trout, and therefore lake trout at Saugatuck were more contaminated in PCBs than Sturgeon Bay lake trout. These findings were useful in interpreting the long-term monitoring series for contaminants in lake trout at both Saugatuck and the Wisconsin side of the lake.     

太湖梅梁湾、贡湖套网格风生流数值模拟

对太湖梅梁湖、贡湖湖流进行套网格数值模拟。根据1998年8月太湖富营养化水质监测水文物理资料,绘制出梅梁湖、贡湖各站点位置分布图和其流速大小和方向。模拟计算与实测结果吻合较好,证明其套网格数值模型的建立是合理和有效的。分析结果表明,太湖各水域流速相差很大,近岸区域流速高于远岸区域,存在明显的近岸流。但流速值不大,即梅梁湖、贡湖和大太湖的水体交换量不大,通过流场分布可初步判断污染物质在水体中的扩散与迁移情况。     

Lake—Wide Seasonal Changes in Limnological Conditions in Lake Michigan in 1976

Data collected on lake-wide cruises in 1976 were used to study seasonal and vertical variations in water temperature, transparency, chlorophyll a, and nutrients in Lake Michigan. Data were analyzed according to subsets corresponding to the northern and southern open lake. Comparisons (t-tests) of data from the open lake indicated that the average water temperature was cooler and average water transparency was greater in the northern lake than in the southern, but with the exception of total phosphorus, average nutrient concentrations did not differ between the northern and southern parts. It was found that physical-chemical characteristics of nearshore and Straits of Mackinac stations differed significantly from open lake stations. Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the open lake were related to seasonal and vertical changes in silica and nitrate nitrogen. The spring phytoplankton bloom occurred before the lake was strongly stratified thermally. After thermal stratification was well developed, epilimnetic concentrations of chlorophyll a decreased, probably due to some combination of nutrient limitation and zooplankton grazing, and maximum chlorophyll a concentrations were found below the thermocline. Epilimnetic silica concentrations decreased after thermal stratification and diatoms were replaced in the phytoplankton assemblage by green and blue-green algae in late summer. Total phosphorus averaged only 8 μg/L on a lake-wide basis and thus only small but significant reductions in absolute concentration can be expected from phosphorus control programs. However, over a period of several years, these small reductions in concentration may be difficult to verify from total phosphorus measurements which have relatively large sampling errors and variances.     

Lake restoration in Denmark

Lake restoration in Denmark has involved the use of several different restoration techniques, all aiming to improve lake water quality and establishing clear‐water conditions. The most frequently used method, now used in more than 20 lakes, is the reduction of zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish (especially roach (Rutilus rutilus) and bream (Abramis brama)) with the objective of improving the growth conditions for piscivores, large‐sized zooplankton species, benthic algae and submerged macrophytes. Piscivore stocking (mainly Esox lucius (pike)), aiming especially at reducing the abundance of young‐of‐the‐year fish, has been used in more than 10 lakes and frequently as a supplement to fish removal. Hypolimnetic oxidation, with oxygen and nitrate, has been undertaken in a few stratified lakes and sediment dredging, with the purpose of diminishing the internal phosphorus loading, has been experimented with in one large, shallow lake. Submerged macrophyte implantation has been conducted in some of the biomanipulated lakes to increase macrophyte abundance and distribution. Overall, the results from lake restoration projects, in the mainly shallow Danish lakes, show that external nutrient loading must be reduced to a level below 0.05–0.1 mg P L^–1 under equilibrium conditions to gain permanent effects on lake water quality. By using fish removal, at least 80% of the fish stock should be removed over a period of not more than 1–2 years to obtain a substantial effect on lower trophic levels and to avoid regrowth of the remaining fish stock. Stocking of piscivores requires high densities (>0.1 individuals m^–2) if an impact on the plankton level is to be obtained and stocking should be repeated yearly until a stable clear‐water state is reached. The experiments with hypolimnetic oxygenation and sediment dredging confirm that internal phosphorus loading can be reduced. Experience from macrophyte implantation experiments indicates that protection against grazing by herbivorous waterfowl may be useful in the early phase of recolonization.     

Lake Erie in Mid-Winter

The results of four surveys of Lake Erie during mid-winter are presented here. The most recent survey, from February 15 to 17, 1977, was conducted during an exceptionally cold winter to determine whether six weeks of complete ice-cover had led to low levels of oxygen concentration in the lake. The results showed that all parts of the lake, even the shallow, normally highly productive areas, contained acceptable levels of oxygen. Apparently, production of oxygen by a small phytoplankton population counterbalanced a fairly low uptake of oxygen and maintained the level of oxygen concentration in most of the water above 90% saturation. The 1976-77 winter phytoplankton biomass was low (0.1 to 1.0 gm biomass per m³) and consisted mostly of diatoms. It appears that some of the phytoplankton were photo-synthetically active under 70 cm of ice and 23 m of water. All surveys of the lake showed the water to be virtually isothermal at a temperature just above the freezing point of water. The maximum temperature differences observed were about 0.2° in magnitude and were found in the East Basin. Nevertheless, the slight temperature differences apparently caused density currents under the ice, which resulted in lowered oxygen concentrations in the deepest part of the East Basin.     

Evidence of Natural Reproduction by Planted Lake Trout in Lake Michigan

Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) fry were captured in southeastern Lake Michigan for the first time since the species was reintroduced from hatchery stocks in 1965. Spawning apparently occurred in fall 1979 on newly placed limestone riprap covering recently constructed power plant intake and discharge pipelines. Eggs presumably hatched in late February–March, 1980, and 57 fry (22–43 mm total length) were collected April–June, 1980, and three fry (55–62 mm) were collected in August, 1980.