基于GCM模型的塔里木河流域未来径流变化研究

为研究塔里木河流域未来降水、气温变化以及径流的响应,本文提出了GCM下RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5三种情景与分布式水文模型SWAT相对接的研究方案。采用气候模式输出的降水、气温等资料作为SWAT模型输入数据,分析了未来2020—2050年流域降水、气温与径流变化规律。结果表明:在RCP2.6情景下,各子流域降水大多表现为增加趋势,在RCP4.5情景下降水表现出减少趋势,在RCP8.5情景下降水趋势性不明显;在不同RCP情景下,各子流域温度均呈现明显上升趋势,且升温情况随着RCP情景对应辐射强迫的增加而增加;2020—2050年,阿克苏河与和田河年径流增加明显,且增加量从RCP2.6情景到RCP8.5情景逐渐增大,叶尔羌河年径流存在一定增加,但幅度并不显著;开都河年径流变化不大;塔里木河上游三源流径流在未来均呈现明显丰水状态;开都河径流呈现丰枯交替现象。研究结果可为流域水资源规划和管理提供重要参考。     

基于统计降尺度的东江流域未来气候预估

为提高东江流域未来气候预估结果的可靠性，采用多种方法对CanESM2全球气候模式输出的气温和降水进行了统计降尺度处理。研究发现：SDSM模型和Delta方法分别对东江流域的气温和降水有着较好的降尺度模拟效果。气温上，相较于基准期(1961—2005年),至21世纪末期(2081—2100年),东江流域的日最低气温将升高2.26℃(RCP4.5)和3.65℃(RCP8.5),日平均气温将升高2.70℃(RCP4.5)和4.69℃(RCP8.5),日最高气温将升高2.79℃(RCP4.5)和4.95℃(RCP8.5),其中以夏季和冬季的增幅最为明显；降水上，未来东江流域的年降水量将保持着增加趋势，增速分别为16.4 mm/10a(RCP2.6)、8.7 mm/10a(RCP4.5)和25.4 mm/10a(RCP8.5),且以夏、秋两季增加最为显著。整体来看，未来东江流域在汛期出现极端高温和暴雨洪灾的风险将有所提高。     

气候变化对清江未来径流及隔河岩电站发电的影响

以历史径流为依据的清江梯级调度规则难以适应气候变化需求，必然对梯级水库的安全稳定运行和兴利效益发挥带来影响。基于清江流域空间数据和观测数据，采用SWAT模型，运用统计降尺度方法模拟3种情景下流域内各站点的未来气象数据，进而对径流进行模拟，并对隔河岩水电站发电量变化进行分析。结果表明：未来时期RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5共3种气候情景下，清江流域出口长阳站多年平均径流呈上升趋势，年均径流增幅分别为6.0%、8.7%和13.2%；隔河岩水电站在上述3种情景下近期（2020—2045年）、中期（2046—2070年）和远期（2071—2100年）多年平均发电量增幅分别为3.4%～5.1%、7.7%～10.3%和13.4%～16.0%。该研究可为气候变化条件下清江流域水资源管理与隔河岩水电站发电调度运行提供参考。     

黄河流域未来极端气候事件变化趋势评估

极端气候事件会对陆地生态系统服务功能以及人类社会生活造成严重影响。针对GFDL、FGOALS和CCSM4这3种CMIP5气候模式，对RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5未来情景下的黄河流域极端气候时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明：RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下流域日最高气温的上升速率分别为0.052、0.170、0.470℃/10 a,日最低气温的上升速率分别为0.029、0.170、0.460℃/10 a。日最高气温和日最低气温的空间分布规律呈现出一致性，从黄河上游河源区向中下游呈上升趋势。未来情景下黄河流域整体年降水量呈弱增加趋势，到21世纪后期，高温室气体排放情景下年降水量的增幅变大。     

气候变化背景下流域生态需水预估−以好溪流域为例

为探究未来气候变化对流域生态需水量的影响,保障河流生态需水量,针对好溪流域进行生态需水量计算 及预测。基于好溪流域气象数据及下垫面条件建立流域生态需水模型,并根据 GF1-WFV 遥感影像数据订正后的 地表反射率和作物种植结构提升模型模拟精度。选择 CanESM2气候模式下的 RCP2.6、RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 这 3 种 排放情景,建立气候变化背景下流域生态需水预测方法,计算现状年并预测未来年份的生态需水量及生态需水保 障程度。结果表明,基于光学遥感影像进行数据订正后,模型模拟精度有所提升,率定期的模型精度 R2从 0.80 提 升为 0.85,验证期的 R2从 0.75 提升至 0.78。应用提升精度后的模型进行生态需水预测,在 RCP2.6、RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 情景下,2025—2100 年的年均生态需水分别增加了 0.27 亿、0.21 亿和 0.29 亿 m3,其中 RCP8.5 情景下生态 需水保障程度最高,RCP4.5 情景下生态需水保障程度最低。     

基于贝叶斯网络的黄河径流预测

基于黄河流域1979—2018年的ERA-Interim再分析气候与水文数据,以及CMIP5中10个气候模式下3种典型排放情景(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)的全球气候变化数据,采用离散数据的处理方法,建立黄河流域贝叶斯网络模型,推断黄河流域近40余年来气候要素对径流的影响概率,预测黄河流域未来径流量。结果表明:1979—2018年黄河天然径流量呈减小趋势,基于贝叶斯网络分区间概率预测预报的径流量也呈减小趋势;黄河流域的不同区间(低、中、高)径流量对气候的敏感程度不同,但径流始终与降水相关性最高;在RCP2.6情景下,黄河流域未来20年、60年的径流量为585.50亿、588.57亿m~3;在RCP4.5情景下,其值为585.42亿、587.53亿m~3;在RCP8.5情景下,其值为593.50亿、585.11亿m~3。     

基于CMIP5和SWAT的山美水库流域未来蓝绿水时空变化特征

基于山美水库流域1991—2010的实测气象数据,选取CMIP5中2个气候模式(HadGEM2-ES、NoerESM1-M)和2种典型浓度路径(RCP4.5、RCP8.5),对21世纪近期(2031—2050年)、中期(2051—2070年)、远期(2071—2090年)3个时期的日降水、气温数据进行统计降尺度处理;在此基础上,利用SWAT模型对山美水库流域基准期和未来3个时期的蓝水、绿水资源的时空分布特征进行模拟,评估流域未来60年气候变化对蓝绿水资源的影响。结果表明:山美水库流域未来60年预估年均降水量变化幅度为-0.43%～7.16%,平均气温增加约1.72～5.43℃,相较基准期,未来2个气候模式在2种RCP浓度路径下的蓝水资源量约减少12.81%～35.28%,绿水资源量上升约28.45%～36.12%;不同气候情景下流域蓝水、绿水资源变化率呈现出一定的相似性,上游地区均大于下游地区;降雨是蓝水资源时空分布的关键,而农用地分布则直接影响绿水资源的空间分异特征。     

基于Copula函数的气候变化下洪水峰量联合分析

为研究气候变化对北江流域洪水特征发生频率的影响,采用分位数映射(Quantile Mapping,QM)后处理方法校正BCC_CSM1.1气候模式2种情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下的气候数据,用于SWAT模型模拟历史(1965—2010年)和未来(2030—2064年、2065—2099年)的北江流域径流量,并采用单变量分析法和基于Copula函数的双变量联合分析法分别对各时期年最大洪峰流量Q和年最大7 d洪量W进行对比分析。结果表明:除RCP8.5下2065—2099年的W外,重现期(T≥50 a)越大,气候变化对Q和W的影响越大; RCP4.5下气候变化对Q和W的影响较RCP8.5下大;2种未来情景下,气候变化对Q的影响均大于对W的影响;对于同一重现期,双变量联合分析法推求的洪水特征设计值较单变量分析法的偏安全。该研究结合了气候变化和双变量联合分析,对变化环境下的洪水风险评价与管理具有一定的参考价值。     

基于SWAT模型的水电站上游流域径流及发电效益预测

不同气候环境对河流径流量以及水电站的发电效益具有显著影响，以SWAT模型为基础，引入不同的气候条件，建立径流预测模型。通过对韶关地区2030-2050年的年径流量进行预测发现，其最大值出现在2030年RCP2.6气候条件下，为44.05m³/s;最小值出现在2050年RCP8.5气候条件下，为31.85m³/s。通过对其发电效益进行预测发现，2030-2050年RCP4.5场景下，其发电量降低14.47%;RCP8.5场景下，其发电量降低15.94%。预测结果有助于发电站提前调整用电规划，提升供电效率。     

长江流域气象干旱演变特征及未来变化趋势预估

基于长江流域及周边范围在内的318个气象站点1956—2018年的实测资料和CMIP5全球气候模式在3种RCPs情景下的预估数据,以标准化降水蒸散发指数作为干旱等级的划分指标,对流域历史气象干旱时空演变特征进行了分析,并预估了流域未来不同排放情景下的气象干旱时空变化趋势。结果表明:①近60 a,流域干旱率年际变化较大,平均干旱率为18.21%。从年代变化来看,近20 a干旱影响范围普遍较大;干旱频发地区主要位于岷江流域,干旱次数呈从上游向下游递减的趋势;高强度的干旱多发生于金沙江中下游地区和成都平原地区,平均场次干旱强度也呈从上游向下游递减的趋势;②在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,2020—2050年长江流域多年平均干旱面积分别为74.1万km²、75.7万km²和126.4万km²;流域上、中、下游干旱频次多年平均值分别为1.1~1.2次/a、1.0~1.1次/a、1.0~1.1次/a。预估时段内上、中、下游干旱频次较历史时段分别增加38.4%~50.7%,33.7%~45.3%和32.6%~49.6%;预估时段内上、中、下游干旱强度多年平均值分别为-1.68,-1.64,-1.60,与历史时段差别不大。研究结果可为相关部门制订科学合理的干旱灾害防范措施和对策提供科学依据。     

气候变化影响下黄河上游梯级水库群未来发电量预测

为分析气候变化影响下黄河上游大型水库入库来水过程及梯级发电量的时程变化规律,以黄河上游龙羊峡刘家峡梯级水库群为例,采用Mann-Kendall 突变检验方法对唐乃亥和小川水文序列进行突变识别,在此基础上构建了考虑融雪过程的HBV 水文模型,利用统计降尺度方法对CanESM2 和GFDL_ESM2G 两种气候模式3 种气候变化情景(RCP2. 6、RCP4. 5 和RCP8. 5) 下的降水、气温数据进行空间降尺度处理,并将其驱动水文模型预测未来入库来水过程,构建黄河上游梯级联合发电调度模型分析气候变化对未来发电调度过程的影响。结果表明:黄河上游径流序列突变年份集中于20 世纪80 年代,且2000 年之后径流量显著减少;气候变化将导致未来(2021—2050年)汛期6—9 月径流增加,非汛期径流显著减少;随着时间推移,不同气候变化情景下,龙羊峡和刘家峡两库的梯级发电量变化规律不同,RCP8.5 气候变化情景下,气候模式不确定性对其影响最大。     

A Modelling Approach to Forecast the Effect of Climate Change on the Tagus-Segura Interbasin Water Transfer

This study was conducted in the upper Tagus River basin (UTRB), whose available water resources are partially transferred from the Entrepeñas and Buendía reservoirs after local needs satisfaction to the Segura River basin using the Tagus-Segura water transfer (TSWT), the largest hydraulic infrastructure in Spain. This study evaluates the climate change impact on the TSWT by considering future evaporation rates and bathymetric changes in the Entrepeñas and Buendía reservoirs. The findings of this study indicate a consistent decline in precipitation and an increase in temperature and evaporation under all climate impact scenarios. Consequently, inflows to the reservoirs will decline by 19% (RCP 4.5) and 53% (RCP 8.5) for 2070–2099, which could reduce water volumes that could be transferred to the Segura basin by more than 60%. The simulation of the TSWT operation rules, taking into account the impact of future evaporation and bathymetric changes, demonstrates an additional increase in reductions of water transfer of around 4%, which reveals the need to consider these effects in hydrological planning.

     

Effect of management strategies on reducing negative impacts of climate change on water resources of the Isfahan–Borkhar aquifer using MODFLOW

Recently, many studies have investigated the effect of climate change on groundwater resources in semiarid and arid areas and have shown adverse effects on groundwater recharge and water level. However, only a few studies have shown suitable strategies for reducing these adverse effects. In this study, climate conditions were predicted for the future period of 2020–2044, under the emission scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, for Isfahan–Borkhar aquifer, Isfahan, Iran, using MODFLOW‐2000 (MODFLOW is United States Geological Survey product). Results showed that the average groundwater level of the aquifer would decrease to 13, 15, and 16 m in 2012 to 2044 approximately under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Then, three groundwater sustainability management scenarios were defined that included 10%, 30%, and 50% reduction in groundwater extraction. These strategies simulated the reduced negative effects of climate change on the aquifer. The results showed that decreases in water withdrawal rates of 10%, 30%, and 50% under RCP8.5 scenario (critical scenario) could decrease the mean groundwater level by 14, 11, and 7 m, respectively. The main result of the study showed that 50% reduction in groundwater withdrawal may increase the groundwater levels significantly in order to restore the aquifer sustainability in the study area. In this study, with assuming that the current harvest of wells in the future period is constant, so the results of studies showed that for the aquifer's sustainability management, the water abstraction from the aquifer should reduce up to 50% of the existing wells. Changing the irrigation method from surface to subdroplet irrigation plays an important role in reducing the withdrawal from the aquifer. The results of a study in Iran have shown that the change in the irrigation method from surface to subdroplet irrigation causes a 40% reduction in water use for agriculture.     

RCP情景下都柳江上游气候变化及径流响应分析

建立都柳江上游三水源新安江月水文模型,根据1968-2004年历史降雨、蒸发及径流数据运用遗传算法来率定和优选敏感参数,使用降尺度GCM数据驱动模型得到不同RCP情景下的流域未来月平均径流,并通过线性拟合方法分析都柳江上游未来气象要素及模拟径流过程。结果表明:2020-2099年都柳江年平均降雨基本处于稳定状态,年平均气温和蒸发呈波动增长,局部短时段下降。流域径流流量总体低于历史平均值,年际间波动降低,年内分布不均,主要集中在5-10月份。     

The change and prediction of temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM)

In order to explore the climate change in the Dawen River basin,based on the data of six weather stations in the Dawen River basin from 1966 to 2017,Mann Kendall test and wavelet analysis were used to study the temperature and precipitation trends,mutations and cycles in the region.In addition,based on the three scenarios of RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5 under the CanESM2 model,SDSM was used to compare and analyze the future climate change of the Dawen River basin.The results revealed that:the annual mean temperature of the Dawen River basin had increased significantly since 1966 (p<0.01);in different scenarios,the spatial distribution of the projected maximum temperature,minimum temperature and precipitation will hardly change compared with that in history;the temperature and precipitation in the Dawen River basin will generally increase in the future.The rising trend of maximum and minimum temperature under the three scenarios is in the EP相似文献   

新安江流域气候变化及径流响应研究

针对新安江流域新安江水库控制区域,构建新安江月水文模型,利用1979-2005年实测水文资料对模型进行率定和验证,并以CMIP5大气环流模式输出驱动水文模型,生成2006-2099年该流域在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下的逐月径流过程。在此基础上,研究气候变化背景下流域气温、降雨、蒸发和径流的变化趋势,并对其不确定性进行分析。结果表明:2006-2099年该流域年均气温与年蒸发深度均呈上升趋势,且对于辐射强度变化较敏感,呈显著正相关关系。流域年降雨量与径流深呈波动上升趋势,对于辐射强度变化敏感性并不显著。年径流深在丰水年和平水年相对基准期有所减少,而在枯水年和特枯水年则呈增加趋势。月径流深在秋、冬季呈上升趋势,在春、夏季则呈下降趋势。     

Socio-Economic Impact of Evaporation Losses from Reservoirs Under Past, Current and Future Water Availability Scenarios in the Semi-Arid Segura Basin

This study assesses evaporation losses from water reservoirs in the semi-arid Segura basin (south-east Spain), one of the most water stressed European catchments. These losses are evaluated from both the hydrologic and economic perspectives under different water availability scenarios that are based on water policy trends and climate change predictions. We take a multidisciplinary approach to the analysis, combining energy balance models to assess the effect of climate change on evaporation from water bodies, Class-A pan data and pan coefficients to determine evaporation loss on a regional scale, and non-linear mathematical programming modelling to simulate the economic impact of water use and allocation in the basin. Our results indicate that water availability could be reduced by up to 40 % in the worst-case scenario, with an economic impact in the 32–36 % range, depending on the indicator in question. The total annual evaporation loss from reservoirs ranges from 6.5 % to 11.7 % of the water resources available for irrigation in the basin, where evaporation from small reservoirs is more than twice that from large dams. The economic impact of such losses increases with water scarcity, ranging from 4.3 % to 12.3 % of the value of agricultural production, 4.0 % to 12.0 % of net margin, 5.8 % to 10.7 % of the irrigated area, and 5.4 % to 13.5 % of agricultural employment. Results illustrate the importance of evaporation losses from reservoirs in this region and the marked upward trend for future scenarios. Besides, they highlight the extent of the impact of climate change on future water resources availability and use in southern Europe.     

Investigation of the Behavior of an Agricultural-Operated Dam Reservoir Under RCP Scenarios of AR5-IPCC

In regions where the Mediterranean climate prevails, the agricultural sector and agricultural-operated dam reservoirs are threatened by climate change. In this respect, the prediction of hydro-meteorological changes that may occur in surface water resources under climate change scenarios is essential to examine the sustainability of reservoirs. In this paper, Demirköprü reservoir in the Gediz Basin/Turkey, a reservoir operated for irrigation purposes, was analyzed against the RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios specified in the AR5 report of the IPCC. Projection period was evaluated as 2016-2050 water year period. First, statistical downscaling, Bayesian model averaging and quantile delta mapping bias correction techniques were respectively applied to monthly total precipitation and monthly average temperatures of meteorological stations in the region using 12 GCMs. According to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, negligible reductions in precipitation are foreseen, while significant increases of 1.3 and 1.8 °C, respectively, are projected for temperatures under the same scenarios. Following the calibration of rainfall-runoff models for the sub-basins feeding the reservoir, streamflow simulations were also performed with projected precipitation and temperatures. In particular, according to the RCP 8.5 scenario, reservoir inflows during the period 2016-2050 could be reduced by 21% compared to the reference scenario results. Finally, the projected crop water demands and hydro-meteorological changes are evaluated together and the reservoir performances are examined using various indices. Assuming that the performance of the past irrigation yields will not change in the future, it is foreseen that reservoir’s sustainability will decrease by 16% under the RCP8.5 scenario. Even if the irrigation efficiency is increased by 40%, the reservoir cannot reach past sustainability characteristics.     

Climate change impact on water quality in the integrated Mahabad Dam watershed-reservoir system

Climate change, besides global warming, is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle, which can impact watershed nutrient yields and affect water quality in the receiving water bodies. The Mahabad Dam Reservoir in northwest Iran is a eutrophic reservoir due to excessive watershed nutrient input, which could be exacerbated due to climate change. In this regard, a holistic approach was employed by linking a climate model (CanESM2), watershed-scale model (SWAT), and reservoir water quality model (CE-QUAL-W2). The triple model investigates the cumulative climate change effects on hydrological parameters, watershed yields, and the reservoir’s water quality. The SDSM model downscaled the output of the climate model under moderate (RCP4.5) and extreme (RCP8.5) scenarios for the periods of 2021–2040 and 2041–2060. The impact of future climate conditions was investigated on the watershed runoff and total phosphorus (TP) load, and consequently, water quality status in the dam’s reservoir. The results of comparing future conditions (2021–2060) with observed present values under moderate to extreme climate scenarios showed a 4–7% temperature increase and a 6–11% precipitation decrease. Moreover, the SWAT model showed a 9–16% decline in streamflow and a 12–18% decline in the watershed TP load for the same comparative period. Finally, CE-QUAL-W2 model results showed a 3–8% increase in the reservoir water temperature and a 10–16% increase in TP concentration. It indicates that climate change would intensify the thermal stratification and eutrophication level in the reservoir, especially during the year’s warm months. This finding specifies an alarming condition that demands serious preventive and corrective measures.     

Assessing Adaptability of Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Approach to Conjunctive use of Groundwater and Surface water for Sustainable Management Plans under Climate Change

Groundwater overdraft in many regions throughout the world has been threatening the sustainability of this valuable resource. It has been argued that climate change may contribute to the severity of the issue; hence “impact assessment” is being replaced by “adaptation,” which explores more adapting scenarios and approaches. This study explores the adaptability of the proposed cyclic and non-cyclic conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water resources in increasing groundwater sustainability while increasing the sustainability of water allocation to the agricultural sector under possible climate change scenarios. To simulate climate change in the study area, precipitation and temperature variables are extracted from the results of three global atmospheric circulation models (Ensemble, CMCC-CMS, MRI-CGCM3) under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 greenhouse gas emission scenarios in the period of 2021–2031. Spatial downscaling is performed using the M5 decision tree algorithm. The Wavelet-M5 hybrid model is used to predict runoff values as a rainfall-runoff model. Also, the Kharrufa method is applied to calculate evaporation in the future seasons. The system's adaptability to climate change is examined using the multi-objective cyclic and non-cyclic conjunctive use of surface and groundwater models. The study reveals that cyclic operation strategy improves the conjunctive use system adaptability compared to the optimal operation strategy that employs the non-cyclic approach. In this study's case study, the improvement in groundwater sustainability index exceeds 27 percent over the non-cyclic conjunctive use strategy.