黄河口水沙变异及尾闾河道的萎缩响应

1986年以来,进入黄河口的水沙过程发生了变异,尾闾河道逐渐萎缩,河道泄洪能力降低,对黄河防洪安全构成了极大的威胁。本文依据清水沟流路实测资料,采用对比分析、理论探讨等方法,揭示了黄河口水沙过程的变异特征,分析了尾闾河道萎缩的演变过程,概化了尾闾河道的萎缩模式,探求了尾闾河道的萎缩机理,引入了尾闾河道萎缩的判别指标。     

2020年汛期长江中下游河道洪水过程及特性分析

受厄尔尼诺现象影响,2020年长江流域出现了历时长、范围广的强降雨过程,7月3日至8月17日,长江流域共发生5次编号洪水,长江中下游河道洪水过程及特性变化直接关系到长江流域的防洪安全。基于此,根据最新实测资料分析了2020年汛期长江中下游河道洪水过程及特性,并初步研究了三峡水库削峰对长江中下游防洪的影响,取得了一些新的认识,可为长江中下游江湖防洪的进一步深入研究提供基础和参考依据。     

2020年汛期长江中下游河道洪水过程及特性分析

受厄尔尼诺现象影响,2020年长江流域出现了历时长、范围广的强降雨过程,7月3日至8月17日,长江流域共发生5次编号洪水,长江中下游河道洪水过程及特性变化直接关系到长江流域的防洪安全。基于此,根据最新实测资料分析了2020年汛期长江中下游河道洪水过程及特性,并初步研究了三峡水库削峰对长江中下游防洪的影响,取得了一些新的认识,可为长江中下游江湖防洪的进一步深入研究提供基础和参考依据。     

河道与蓄滞洪区联合防洪数值模拟研究进展

基于目前河道与蓄滞洪区联合防洪过程中存在的问题,本文通过对河道与蓄滞洪区联合防洪过程中洪水演进数值模拟的一维模型、耦合模型、全二维模型的优缺点和适用性进行系统化的分析,揭示了未来防洪数值模拟的发展方向。研究结果可为洪水风险图绘制、洪水预警预报提供重要依据,对防洪减灾决策具有重要指导意义。     

对黄河河南段滩区防洪运用补偿政策的思考

分析了黄河河南段滩区的洪水灾害及其影响，指出滩区受灾的主要原因有：①河槽萎缩，洪水漫滩几率增大；②输沙水量大幅度减少，河道严重淤积；③滩区安全建设不能满足防洪需要；④管理措施不落实。同时对滩区在黄河下游防洪中的地位及作用进行了分析，提出了黄河河南段滩区防洪运用补偿政策的建议：①将黄河河南段滩区作为蓄滞洪区进行管理；②滩区应享受补偿政策；③建立洪水风险管理机制。     

黄河下游河道萎缩过程中洪水水位变化研究

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了河道萎缩过程中黄河下游洪水水位的变化特征与变化机理。研究结果表明:1986年后,黄河水沙过程变异,下游河道严重萎缩,洪水起涨水位显著升高,洪水上涨过程中水位涨率明显增大,滩槽水位变化不一致性增强。洪水起涨水位的升高主要是河道萎缩过程中主槽持续淤积抬高所致,起涨水位的升高对洪峰水位抬升幅度影响大,而行洪过程中黄河下游宽河段强大的断面调整功能极易造成洪水水位的陡涨猛落,其影响也不容忽视。通过引入洪水水位涨率特征参数θ,建立了θ与黄河下游河道主槽宽度、滩槽糙率比、排沙比等因素的定量关系,结果显示,黄河下游河道萎缩过程中,输沙能力降低,主槽宽度大幅度缩窄,滩地阻力明显增大,均会导致洪水水位涨率增大。以谢才公式为基础的理论分析进一步证明,黄河下游河道洪水水位涨率与河道萎缩具有非线性响应关系,河道萎缩越严重,洪水水位涨率增大的幅度越大。     

黄河口尾闾河道冲淤及其影响因素分析

入海流路改道频繁、水沙过程变化剧烈等多种因素造成黄河口流路冲淤演变过程十分复杂,在一定程度上影响了黄河下游的防洪安全。为了认识不同因素对黄河尾闾河道演变的影响程度,采用黄河口实测水沙和地形资料,分析了不同因素对黄河尾闾河道冲淤和水位变化的影响。结果表明:1964-2012年黄河尾闾河段的冲淤与水沙要素之间的关联度较低,水沙过程的改变不是影响尾闾河道冲淤的主要因素;流路改道与利津水位变化密切相关,改道前后流路长度变化越大对河道冲淤影响越明显。流路改道初期河道水流流速大幅降低导致泥沙在河道大量淤积;频繁的流路改道使水沙过程与河道冲淤之间不再呈现一致且紧密的关系。研究结果可为黄河口流路综合治理提供科学依据。     

嫩江县中小河流近期治理的对策与措施

嫩江县中小河流防洪设施少、标准低,甚至很多处于不设防状态,遇到一般洪水就可能造成较大洪涝灾害。流域内水土流失严重,加之不合理的采砂、向河道倾倒垃圾、违章建筑等侵占河道的现象日渐增多,多年未实施清淤,致使河道萎缩严重,行洪能力逐步降低,对所在地区城乡的防洪安全构成了严重威胁。     

近期黄河口治理原则与轮廓设想

黄河口入海流路安排使用问题是河口治理的主要议题之一,直接影响到山东黄河艾山站以下河段的防洪大计,同时也关系到河口三角洲,特别是胜利油田的开发建设。黄河防洪安全与油田开发建设的关系应该是:根据防洪需要安排入海流路,尽量照顾到油田开发建设;而油田开发建设须服从防洪安全。根据以往黄河口河道演变规律和山东黄河河道整治的实践     

高含沙洪水基本特性及其对行洪的影响

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了黄河下游高含沙洪水过程及其对防洪的影响。研究结果表明,黄河高含沙水流具有明显的宾汉流体特征,具有较强的输沙能力。"04.8"高含沙洪水在下游演进过程洪峰流量沿程增大,峰形趋于尖瘦,沙峰滞后于洪峰。黄河高含沙洪水造成下游河道河势变化剧烈,防洪调度难度大,易发生异常高水位,严重威胁防洪安全。     

论调水调沙与束水攻沙

水库调水调沙的主要任务是在丰水年洪水期，小浪底水库主动降低水位泄洪冲刷，把泥沙尽量调节到洪水期输送，减少小水挟沙，增加洪水的造床和输沙作用，减少全下游河道淤积。平、枯水年份取消输沙用水。通过双岸整治河道，防止清水冲刷河槽展宽，稳定主槽，控导河势，提高游荡性河道的输沙效率，形成顺直、归顺的排洪输沙通道——窄槽宽滩。窄槽用于排洪输沙，宽滩用于特大洪水时滞洪削峰。洪水输沙、水库多年调沙与束水攻沙相互配合，是实现黄河下游河槽不抬高的必要条件。     

A characterization of side channel development

Side channels are commonly constructed to reduce the flood risk or to increase the ecological value of a river. Such artificial side channels generally aggrade. We categorize the development of side channels based on the sediment that is deposited in these channels. Based on this categorization, we determine the main mechanisms that affect their development, and we propose an initial framework on how to predict the long‐term development of side channels. The results can be used to design, operate, and maintain side channel systems.     

干支流交汇河段水流泥沙特性研究综述

水流交汇现象普遍存在于自然界和人类工程的多种水力系统中,交汇河段水流泥沙特性的研究对防洪规划、航运交通和生态环境等均具有重要意义。从流场分区、水面形态、螺旋流、水流结构、能量损失及泥沙特性等方面较为系统地总结了近70年来干支流交汇河段水流泥沙特性的研究成果,并对未来发展前景进行了展望。     

水力学方法估算大桥对河道防洪的影响

 提出了估算大桥对河道防洪影响的水力学方法，采用这一方法，可以在河道地形和水文资料缺乏的情况下，估算出中、小型河道建桥后桥址上游水位壅高值和壅水范围。具体水力学方法包括：断面流量模数法、宽顶堰淹没出流法、局部水头损失法和恒定渐变流法。应用这些方法，成功地进行了洪湖市汉洪公路新滩东荆河大桥对桥址上游河道防洪影响的计算分析。     

江苏沿海滩涂围垦对闸下港道淤积的影响

江苏沿海地区入海河流众多,承担着沿海及腹地片区防洪排涝的重要任务.目前,闸下河道普遍发生淤积,且随着沿海滩涂围垦进程的加快,闸下港道淤积程度还在加剧.以王港为例,基于RS技术,提出了以纳潮汇水区历史外边线、河口现状主体汇水区边线,以及口外主槽演变外边线,作为确定河口滩面控制区域的参考.从海岸地貌学、河口海岸水动力学,以及泥沙运动学等角度,提出了沿海滩涂围垦的最大允许范围.     

三峡水库不同调度方式对荆江三口分流影响分析

为了解三峡水库不同调度方式对荆江三口分流量的影响情况,利用三峡水库蓄水运用前1998~2002年三峡逐日入库流量、宜昌站逐日流量与荆江三口5站逐日流量的相关关系,对中小洪水调度模式下（2010~2013年）荆江三口控制站的逐日平均流量进行天然径流还原计算,并对三峡水库初步设计调度方式下荆江三口控制站的逐日平均流量进行模拟计算,分析比较了正在实施的中小洪水调度方式和初步设计调度方式对三口分流量的影响。随后根据分析成果,结合三口季节性用水需求,对三峡水库调度方式优化进行了探讨,提出将三峡水库提前至9月1日蓄水,可适当减少三口断流天数。     

COMPUTATION OF MOMENTUM TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND CONVEYANCE CAPACITY IN COMPOUND CHANNELS

The momentum transfer coefficient is an important parameter for determining the apparent shear stress at the vertical interface between the main channel and its associated flood plains,the cross-sectional mean velocity and the discharge capacity in compound channels. In this article,under the Boussinesq assumption and through analyzing the characteristics of velocity distribution in the interacting region between the main channel and its associated flood plain,the expression of momentum transfer coefficient was theoretically derived. On the basis of force balance,the expression of vertical apparent shear stress was obtained. By applying the experimental data from the British Engineering Research Council Flood Channel Facility (SERC-FCF),the relationship between the momentum transfer coefficient with the relative depth and the ratio of the flood plain width to the main channel width,was established,And hence the conveyance capacity in compound channels was calculated with Liu and Dong’s method. The computed results show that the momentum transfer coefficient relationship obtained is viable.     

Hydraulic study of a two-stage river channel

Many regulated rivers have compound or two-stage cross-sections consisting of a deep main channel flanked by one or two floodplains. Existing methods of assessing discharge capacity in such channels can lead to serious errors, and hence there is a need for the acquisition of flow data to validate models suggested as improvements to existing methods. Stage and discharge data, under both steady and unsteady conditions, were collected from a reach of the River Main in Northern Ireland, which has been reconstructed for flood defence purposes to form a two-stage channel. The data were analysed using a steady flow computational model to yield water surface profiles and values of Manning's resistance coefficient at various flow depths. The complex nature of flow resistance in two-stage channels is demonstrated. Unsteady stage hydrographs were linked to a computational model which illustrates the magnitude of errors incurred in applying conventional methods of discharge estimation in compound rivers.     

Estimation of discharge and its distribution in compound channels简

Results of research into a compound channel having width ratio(?)in excess of 11 are presented in the form of boundary shear distributions across the compound cross section.New relationship is derived between the percentage of shear carried by the flood plains(%)fp S and the percentage of area occupied by the flood plains(%)fp A.The equation so derived is taken as the basis to develop a new methodology to predict the stage discharge relationship specifically for wide compound channels using Darcy’s friction factor(f)for the main channel and flood plain regions.The methodology also is used for compound channels with smaller width ratios by applying the appropriate relation for%fp S derived earlier by different researchers and seems to work well.Next,as a corollary to the methodology,separate formulae are proposed to estimate flow distribution in main channel and flood plain regions.The proposed method and its corollary are tested for their validity against well-published small-scale data series of previous researchers along with some large-scale data series from EPSRC-FCF(A-Series)compound channel experiments and very good agreement is observed between the measured values and predicted values for total flow as well as zonal distribution of flow.The methodology is also applied to some compound river section data published in literature and is found to serve well the purpose of predicting flow in real world application.This new method gives the least RMS value of error for discharge prediction compared with some other well-known methods used for estimating stage-discharge relation in compound channels by considering all data sets.