超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS处理酸性含铬废水工艺研究

针对排放酸性含铬废水所产生的环境污染问题,采用超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS,用于处理酸性含铬废水。通过正交试验确定了超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS的最佳制备条件,并讨论了反应时间、pH值和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度对纳米FeS处理酸性含铬废水的影响。结果表明：超声波辅助法制备纳米FeS的最佳制备条件为超声波频率40 kHz、超声波处理时间10 min、制备反应温度15 ℃,在此条件下Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的去除率分别为81.03%、63.40%;当反应时间达到50 min后,纳米FeS对酸性含铬废水的处理效果趋于稳定,酸性条件能促进纳米FeS对Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的去除;随着Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的升高,纳米FeS对Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的单位去除量逐渐增大,当Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为300 mg/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的单位去除量分别可达486.65和383.55 mg/g。可见,超声波制备的纳米FeS可以有效去除废水中的铬离子,为今后实际工程应用提供了一定的理论指导。     

远紫外光氧化预处理餐饮含油废水的研究

以大型餐馆排放的餐饮废水为研究对象,采用远紫外光(UV-185)高级氧化技术进行氧化处理。确定了最佳反应条件光照10min、初始油脂浓度2000～3500mg/L、光照前充分曝气、pH6～8。在最佳反应条件下,对生物处理影响较大的动植物油脂去除率为80%～88%,COD_(Cr)去除率为48%～65%,BOD_5去除率为35%～55%,氨氮去除率约18%。可以作为后续生物处理的预处理。     

Fenton试剂在微波条件下处理稻壳热解发电含酚废水的试验

采取试验手段,研究在微波条件下用Fenton试剂处理含酚废水的效果,探讨H2O2质量浓度、FeSO4质量浓度、pH值、反应时间和微波功率等因素对稻壳热解发电废水中COD、挥发酚及色度去除率的影响,并进行不同条件下Fenton反应的对比试验。结果表明,在微波条件下,Fenton试剂能快速降解含酚废水,处理后水样的COD去除率超过73%,挥发酚去除率超过99%,色度去除率接近50%。该含酚废水的最佳处理条件是:H2O2质量浓度为1500 mg/L,FeSO4质量浓度为100 mg/L,pH值为3,反应时间为10 min,微波功率为400 W。     

固定化硝化细菌去除氨氮和气相氨的试验研究

以聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠作为复合包埋载体,以氯化钙和硼酸溶液作为交联剂,固定巨大芽孢杆菌TN-1(Bacillus megaterium),制备得固定化球形颗粒.考察了不同接种量、活化时间及氨氮初始浓度条件下,固定化硝化菌对氨氮的去除效果及其与游离硝化菌的比较,并对实际生活污水的氨氮和化粪池散发的NH_3去除率进行了测定.结果表明:聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠、氯化钙和硼酸质量分数分别为10%、0.8%、2%和5.3%,固定化时间为24 h,4 ℃充分交联;在常温(30±2) ℃、转速为150 r/min的条件下,处理pH 7.0、NH_3-N为88 mg/L的试验水样24 h,氨氮去除率为96.2%,同样条件下处理氨氮浓度为54 mg/L的实际生活污水24 h,氨氮去除率为80.6%;试验设计范围内,接种量对氨氮去除效果影响不大,去除率均在88%以上,最佳活化时间是24 h,去除率随氨氮初始浓度的增加而逐渐降低;BAF试验装置中固定化菌对氨氮和NH_3的去除率分别为84.6%和94.4%.     

建筑垃圾骨料浸出重金属对环境影响研究

为了探究建筑垃圾骨料作为渗透性路面底基层替代材料的适用性,必须考虑建筑垃圾对地下水的污染问题。选取2种常见的建筑垃圾再生骨料:再生砖骨料(CB)和再生混凝土骨料(RCA),探究其浸出重金属浓度含量及其污染物的释放特征及规律,分析建筑垃圾试样配比、液固比、pH 值等因素对重金属浓度的影响。结果表明:在纯砖块条件下时,重金属Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn含量最小;在纯混凝土条件下时,重金属Cr和Pb含量最小。Cd和Zn的含量随着液固比的变化上下起伏不大,浸出浓度基本保持不变,可见Cd和Zn达到了溶解平衡;Cr和Pb的浸出率随着液固比的增加而增加,浸出量也在不断增加;Cu和Ni的浸出率随着液固比的增加而减小。Cd、Ni和Pb在不同pH值时的浸出浓度随时间变化趋势也基本相似,随着pH值的升高,Cd、Ni和Pb的平衡浓度降低;Cr的浸出浓度与pH值的增高呈正相关;Cu和Zn具有两性浸出,形成U形曲线,在极端的酸性和碱性pH值时浓度升高。建筑垃圾再生骨料浸出后的重金属浓度低于我国相关标准,可作为路面填料。     

电絮凝法治理实验室废水的研究

通过电絮凝法去除模拟实验室废水样品中的Cu2+和Cr6+,研究了治理过程中各种因素对去除率的影响,并得到最佳去除铜和铬的实验条件.结果表明:在最佳的实验条件下:室温(25℃),以铁为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,电压为4.0 V,pH值为4.0,电解时间为30 min,Na2SO4为0.7g/L,用电絮凝法对模拟实验室含Cu2+和Cr6+废水进行治理,Cu2+和Cr6+的去除率分别为99.93 %和98.91 %.     

光催化-好氧生物降解处理染料废水试验研究

考察了pH值、催化剂用量、酸性大红(GR)染料初始浓度、曝气量对染料去除率的影响,确定了GR染料去除的较佳反应条件:pH值为3,催化剂投加量为0.6 mg/L,GR染料进水浓度为20mg/L,曝气量为60mL/min.在较佳反应条件下,对光催化工艺、好氧生物降解工艺和光催化-好氧生物降解组合工艺处理单一染料废水效果进行了比较,并考察了组合工艺处理混合染料废水的效果,结果表明:反应5 h时,组合工艺对单一染料废水中活性墨绿(B-4BLN)和GR染料的去除率分别为85.66%和76.93%,去除效果明显高于单一工艺;组合工艺对混合染料废水中B-4BLN和GR染料的去除率分别为83.76%和71.84%.     

MnO_x-GAC催化臭氧化印染废水的实验研究

研究MnO_x-GAC高级氧化方法处理难降解印染废水CODcr、UV254、色度的效果,并考察催化剂投加量、不同初始pH值、不同初始污染物浓度、催化剂重复使用次数对印染废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:催化剂的最佳投加量为180g,在弱酸性及中性p H值范围内,MnO_x-GAC催化臭氧化对印染废水CODcr去除效果明显,废水的初始污染物浓度越低,在越短的时间内即可达到较好的处理效果,催化剂使用4次后比单独臭氧化对CODcr去除率提高约27%。     

膨润土对水泥固化体中Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) 及Cr(VI)浸出的影响

为了确保含重金属废弃物在水泥基材料中的安全资源化利用,研究了在不同p H条件下纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)及Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属的固化效果及加入膨润土后的影响。结果表明:除Cr(Ⅵ)之外,纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)及Cd(Ⅱ)的固化效果较好,当重金属的掺量达到5‰时,即便在p H=3的强酸条件下,其浸出毒性仍然低于国家标准。加入膨润土后,可进一步降低水泥基材料中各重金属的浸出率,当膨润土掺量为30%、酸性条件下,28d龄期固化体中Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出浓度分别降低了60.9%、51.3%及53.3%,CH峰值下降、AFt峰值明显增高,但膨润土对Pb(Ⅱ)有负效应,酸性溶液中的浸出量高于中性溶液。     

膨润土对水泥固化体中Pb(Ⅱ),Zn(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ)及Cr(Ⅵ)浸出的影响

为了确保含重金属废弃物在水泥基材料中的安全资源化利用,研究了在不同p H条件下纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)及Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属的固化效果及加入膨润土后的影响。结果表明:除Cr(Ⅵ)之外,纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)及Cd(Ⅱ)的固化效果较好,当重金属的掺量达到5‰时,即便在p H=3的强酸条件下,其浸出毒性仍然低于国家标准。加入膨润土后,可进一步降低水泥基材料中各重金属的浸出率,当膨润土掺量为30%、酸性条件下,28d龄期固化体中Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出浓度分别降低了60.9%、51.3%及53.3%,CH峰值下降、AFt峰值明显增高,但膨润土对Pb(Ⅱ)有负效应,酸性溶液中的浸出量高于中性溶液。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。