基于湍流猝发的明渠流悬沙浓度分布

泥沙悬浮是湍流猝发直接作用的结果，本文基于这一力学机理，利用湍流猝发平均持续时间和猝发强度构造明渠流悬沙湍流扩散模式。模式涉及的唯一参数线性地随悬沙沉降速度对摩阻流速的比值增大而增大，表征较粗、较重的泥沙颗粒的悬浮需要具有更多能量、持续时间更长的湍流猝发作用与之相适应，物理意义明确。经水槽实验资料验证，本模式可精确模拟悬沙浓度沿垂线的分布。对类似流动中其它异质污染物的湍流扩散，该模式有直接的应用价     

半圆管惯性分离器气固两相流动数值模拟

采用数值方法对半圆管惯性分离器内的两相流动进行了模拟,连续相、颗粒相、颗粒轨迹计算分别采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)、离散相模型(DPM)和随机轨道模型。得到了该类分离器内的速度、压力、湍流强度、湍动能、耗散率等的分布情况．气流速度对颗粒轨迹、分离效率、阻力的影响,颗粒浓度与分离效率的关系,以及最佳颗粒浓度及磨损的大致区域。     

圆管湍流近壁结构的DPIV实验研究

采用粒子数字图像测速(DPIV)对充分发展的圆管湍流进行了研究，测量结果和直接数值模拟结果的比较，表明作者开发的DPIV技术可取得满意的精度。在此基础上通过瞬时脉动速度场对圆管湍流的近壁结构进行了研究，并在近壁结构中检测出涡诱导的喷发和扫掠、低速条带和流向涡结构等拟序结构，而且发现低速条带和涡的诱导是低速流体喷发的必要条件。     

悬浮泥沙对粗糙底壁湍流场猝发的影响

本文建立了具有法向压力梯度项和沙粒作用项的粗糙底壁附近流场的运动方程，结合对粘性底层和过渡区内层交界面的分析方法和小扰动稳定性理论，由理论分析和数值计算得到了流动雷诺数、无量纲扰动波数、无量纲两相法向平均速度差、斯托克斯数、壁面的粗糙元以及悬浮沙粒的质量浓度等因素与水流底壁湍流猝发角乃至猝发难易程度的关系，部分结果与已有的实验结果进行了比较．文中所得结论有助于进一步了解挟沙水流近壁流场和悬浮泥沙的运动特性以及泥沙的沉积和输运机理．     

应用空间导叶的混流式水轮机三维湍流计算和试验分析

应用二维湍流计算方法和试验手段，对采用了新型三维导叶的混流式模型水轮机进行了研究。数值计算中，采用了全三维全流道的湍流计算方法，基于标准κ-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC数值方法，从蜗壳进口到尾水管出口，包含所有流道在内的整体一次完成计算，得到速度场和压力场的分布，分析了不同导叶形式对水轮机流动的影响。通过试验分析了模型水轮机的能量特性和压力脉动情况。     

基于全流道的混流式水轮机内部流动的三维数值模拟

采用三维N-S方程和RNG湍流模型,利用FLUENT6.3软件,并将混流式水轮机全流道作为一整体,对混流式水轮机内部流动进行了三维定常湍流计算,得到了水轮机各过流部件内的流动特性.该数值计算方法和结果对水轮机的水力优化设计具有重要意义.     

圆管内流体进入多孔介质的流动分析与计算

本文对圆管内不可压缩流体从自由空间区域进入多孔介质区域的流动进行分析，首先分别得到两种区域中充分发展流动的理论解，然后对整个区域采用流线迭代法进行数值计算。     

水涡轮机械中的湍流固－液两相流动及磨损研究

导出了固体颗粒在任意流场中运动的Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ方程，对此方程进行线性化，并求出了其颗粒运动方程的解析通解。使用颗粒运动方程数值求解和分析了稀疏颗粒湍流场中固体颗粒的运动。建立了湍流固－液两相流的Ｋ－ε双方程湍流模型、体积分数湍流模型、Ｅｕｎｌｅｒｉａｎ－Ｌａｇｒａｎｓｉａｎ混合湍流模型以及颗粒磨损模型，利用这些模型对一些水涡轮机械过流通道内的流动及固壁磨损进行了数值模拟，其预测结果与实验结果较为一致     

用三维VOF模型对横置圆筒绕流流场的数值模拟

以物理模型试验为基础，利用VOF模型与RNGkε湍流模型相结合的方法，对横置圆筒绕流流场进行三维数值模拟。通过建立模型，分析不同时刻计算域内的相体积分布及其圆筒周围速度场和压力场的分布，并将数值模拟结果与物理模型试验结果进行对比，结果表明，模拟值与试验值吻合较好，且其结果符合流体动力学基本理论，并说明VOF能够有效模拟水流自由表面，适用于闸门等水工建筑物内水流流动的数值模拟。     

热泡数值研究

本文对二维热泡的演化过程进行数值研究，所采用的湍流封闭模式为双方程k-ε方程。数值结果表明：无量纲时间大于10后，流动与混合特性均符合自相似关系；热泡流场可分两区。混合区中示踪剂浓度场呈双峰肾形、湍流脉动强烈、旋流含一对涡眼，而外区示踪剂浓度为零、流动有势且符合偶极子模型；热泡流的附加等效质量系数近乎1，自相似阶段热泡的宽高比约为1.45。所得热泡扩展率和混合率亦与实验数据相符。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.