南水北调与黄河未来水量分配

未来南水北调工程的实施，将会置换出一部分黄河水量，这部分水量在流域上中游的再分配将会对整个黄河流域水资源的合理开发利用产生极为深刻的影响。根据黄河流域上中游各省（区）实际情况，在保证经济社会用水和必要的生态环境用水的前提下，运用层次分析和模糊决策理论相结合的方法，对南水北调东线、中线和西线工程不同水平年、不同调水规模情况下，黄河可置换水量在流域上中游的再分配问题进行了探讨。     

南水北调西线工程雅砻江可调水量分析

在充分分析南水北调西线工程引水河流之一——雅砻江流域社会经济发展现状的基础上，通过对流域各河段不同水平年水资源利用情况分析和预测，论证了南水北调西线工程从雅砻江调水入黄河的可行性及可调水量规模。分析认为从雅砻江调水４５亿ｍ３入黄河是可行的，对流域用水不会造成影响。     

南水北调西线工程雅砻江可调水量分析

在充分分析南水北调西线工程引水河流之一－－雅砻江流域社会经济发展现状的基础上，通过对流域各河段不同水平年水资源利用情况分析和预测，论证了南水北调西线工程从雅砻江调水入黄河的可行性及可调水量规模。分析认为从雅砻江调水４５亿ｍ＾３人黄河是可行的，对流域用水不会造成影响。     

对南水北调西线工程的认识与评价

南水北调西线工程地处青藏高原东南部,规划从长江上游的通天河及其支流雅砻江、大渡河年调水160亿～170亿m3,经输水隧洞穿越巴颜喀拉山分水岭人黄河上游.远期还可从澜沧江、怒江调水160亿～200亿m3.仅第一期工程输水到受水区的末端线路长达3 672 km.调水工程区海拔3 000～4 500 m,寒冷缺氧,地质条件复杂;受水区为我国西部六省区,一般黄河水低地高,配套工程建设任务极为繁重.南水北调西线工程具有规模宏大、建设难度大、效益显著等特点,与国内外其他跨流域调水工程相比,规划的南水北调西线工程可谓当今世界上规模最大的调水工程.南水北调西线工程将为西部大开发提供水资源保障,对改善西部地区生态环境,推进社会进步和经济发展,解决黄河下游断流问题,遏制河道不断抬高等将发挥巨大作用.     

南水北调西线工程主要问题研究

南水北调西线工程是从长江上游干支流调水入黄河上游的跨流域调水工程 .对该工程的研究始于 195 2年 ,调水规模约为 16 0～ 170亿m3 ,基本能解决黄河流域 2 0 5 0年左右的缺水问题 .通过对南水北调西线工程可调水量分析、方案总体布局、生态和社会影响分析等主要问题的研究 ,结合该工程建设难度巨大、涉及各方面关系复杂的特点 ,提出整个工程要分期建设 ,并建议将从大渡河和雅砻江支流自流调水 4 0亿m3 入黄河作为第一期工程 .     

南水北调西线工程进展情况

南水北调西线工程，简称西线调水，是从长江上游引水至黄河的跨流域调水工程，是补充黄河水资源的不足，解决我国西北地区和华北部分地区干旱缺水的重大战略措施。南水北调西线工程，是南水北调工程的一个组成部分。经多年研究，南水北调工程形成了从长江下游、中游和上游...     

南水北调西线工程与后续水源

编者按南水北调西线工程，是从长江上游调水至黄河上游的跨流域调水工程，是补充黄河水资源的不足、解决我国西北地区干旱缺水问题的重大战略措施。南水北调西线工程的研究由来已久，早在１９５２年，黄河水利委员会就组织查勘了通天河引水入黄河的线路，断断续续，迄今已...     

南水北调水资源规划基本确定——引来一条“黄河” 建成“T”字“动脉”

笔者从有关部门获悉，引人瞩目的南水北调及东线工程水资源规划基本敲定。 国家规定的南水北调工程分东、中、西３条调水路线，形成与长江、黄河、淮河和海河相互连接的“四横三纵” 总体格局。利用黄河贯穿东西的天然优势，通过对黄河水量的重新分配，协调流域地区经济和社会发展对水资源的需求，达到水资源的南北调配，东西互济的优化调配，东西互济的优化配置目标。３条线路年调水量约３８０至４８０亿立方米，接近于在黄淮海平原和西北地区增加一条黄河的水量，可基本改变北方地区水资源紧张的状况。流经山东省的东线工程，是在江苏省南…     

对南水北调西线工程的认识与评价

从２０世纪５０年代开始，我国水利工作者对南水北调工程进行研究，到目前为止，逐渐形成了东、中、西三条规划线路，并与长江、淮河、黄河、海河四大流域相互联结，构成我国水资源开发、配置、利用“四横三纵”的总体战略格局。．南水北调西线工程，是从位于青藏高原的大渡河、雅砻江、通天河甚或澜沧江和怒江向黄河流域上中游地区调水。这一调水工程具有规模宏大、技术复杂、效益显著的特点。 一、南水北调西线工程是当今世界上规模最大的调水工程 跨流域调水，是实现水资源在一个国家或一个特定区域内优化配置的重要手段，世界各国尤其是…     

跨流域向黄河调水措施综合研究

黄河水资源总量严重不足,供需矛盾突出,靠黄河自身水资源难以协调生活、生产、生态用水之间的矛盾,必须研究跨流域调水方案,缓解黄河水资源供需矛盾,为保障流域及邻近地区的供水安全、能源安全、粮食安全、生态安全提供条件。在分析黄河流域水资源形势的基础上,研究了南水北调东、中、西线,引汉济渭,小江调水等跨流域调水工程,综合比较了各方案向黄河补水的可能性,提出了必须加快南水北调西线工程前期工作,争取早日建成生效。考虑黄河水资源衰减变化和未来的刚性用水需求,还应寻求其他跨流域调水方案,以最大限度缓解黄河水资源供需矛盾。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比 α₀（初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值）分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比 α₀对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随 α₀ 变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。