华北典型灌区气候变化条件下地下水响应研究

基于MODFLOW模型,以华北平原人民胜利渠灌区为例,结合研究区水文地质条件,建立地下水运动数值模拟模型,通过参数校准和模型验证,表明建立的地下水运动模型能够合理地反映研究区2012-2013年的地下水运动状况,模拟结果表明该灌区地下水处于负均衡状态。基于模拟结果,进一步预测了气候情景(选取RCP4.5情景NorESM1-M模式)下灌区2030年地下水水位情况。结果表明与1997-2013年相比,2030年灌区地下水位持续下降,漏斗面积逐渐扩大。以此为基础,开展地下水开采量情景分析,将开采量分别增加和减少20%,预测2030年在不同开采量情景下地下水水位变化情况。最后根据预测结果初步提出地下水开采量减少20%的调控方案,以保证地下水水位有所上升,漏斗面积减少。     

基于大坳灌区扩建地下水环境影响评价

依据大坳灌区水文地质、气象、灌溉、开采、地下水动态监测等方面的资料,在掌握灌区地下水水位动态变化机理及动态特征的基础上,建立了区域的水文地质概念模型。运用地下水数值模拟软件Groundwater Model System建立灌区地下水水流模型,对灌区地下水水位进行模拟。模拟结果表明:地下水位的计算值和实测值吻合较好,该模型可以用来对该灌区新渠系建设后的地下水位进行预测。模型预测结果为:灌区新渠投入运行多年后地下水水位大部分上升值小于0.2 m,最大上升值0.49 m,对区域地下水位总体影响不大,不会引起相应的生态环境问题。     

酒泉盆地地下水资源演变规律研究

以酒泉盆地为研究区,在已有观测(井)资料的基础上,采用地下水数值模拟软件Feflow,建立研究区地下水数值模拟模型,分析酒泉盆地地下水均衡和地下水动态,得到酒泉盆地区域地下水在灌区之间的空间数量构成,得出酒泉盆地地下水年代尺度的动态特征。     

灌区地表水—地下水耦合模型的构建

为了定量描述灌区水平衡要素及其转化关系,构建了灌区地表水-地下水分布式模拟耦合模型。通过改进SWAT模型的稻田及旱作物水分循环、蒸发蒸腾量和渠系渗漏计算等模块,建立了灌区地表水分布式模拟模型;以SWAT模型中的水文响应单元(HRU)和MODFLOW模型中的有限差分网格(cells)作为基本交换单元,将改进SWAT模型的地下水补给量计算值加载到MODFLOW模型的地下水补给模块,实现了灌区地表水-地下水分布式模拟模型的耦合。耦合模型在柳园口灌区的应用结果表明,该模型能够准确模拟和预测灌区地表水和地下水的动态变化,为灌区水管理提供了科学依据。     

灌区地下水开采条件下数值模拟分析

运用Visual Modflow建立了某灌区地下水三维非稳定流模型.经过模型检验、参数反演,确定了水力参数和入渗补给系数.进而对灌区地下水的集中可持续开采进行了数值模拟和预测,在满足地下水位控制标准的前提下,确定最佳的开采方案.结果显示,该方法计算方便,结果合理,且预测精度较高,可为灌区地下水开采提供参考.     

宁夏青铜峡河西灌区水资源计算与评价

本文在建立水文地质参数变值系统的基础上，将其引入所建立的水资源计算模型，对灌区地下水资源各补给量进行计算，给出了灌区浅层地下水资源量、总水资源量随灌区地下水埋深变化关系，并对灌区地下水可能最大补给量及可利用量进行了计算与评价。     

水资源优化模型下灌区地下水位研究

随着社会经济水平提高,人们对水资源的需求不断增加,但是地下水过度开采导致了诸多环境问题,因此采用优化模型对地下水动态研究十分必要。根据国内外地下水数值模拟相关文献,结合塔里木河灌区水文地质条件,分析了灌区地下水分布情况。通过与测量数据对比,其数值模拟精度较高,可以反映出当地的地下水动态。希望研究结果可以指导今后地下水开采。     

宁夏青铜峡河西灌区水资源计算与评价

本文在建立水文地质参数变值系统的基础上，将其引入所建立的水资源计算模型，对灌区地下水资源各补给量进行计算，给出了灌区浅层地下水资源量，总水资源量随灌区地下水埋深变化关系，并对灌区地下水可能最大补给量及可利用量进行了计算与评价。     

干旱区小流域地表水与地下水优化配置研究

地表水和地下水联合运用于农业灌溉,是我国大部分灌区主要采用的灌溉形式。目前的优化模型对地下水的运用情况过于简化,常采用定值作为优化模型的参数,不能真实反映地下水随时间对灌溉面积的影响。本文基于排队理论,分析了地下水灌溉的农田面积随等待地表水灌溉的历时的影响,并建立灌区渠系优化配水模型,以灌水历时最短为目标,根据渠首引水、渠系供水、作物用水等方面的用水关系建立约束条件。通过某灌区的实际应用,说明模型方法的可行性。研究结果可为建立地表水和地下水联合灌溉优化模型提供方法上的借鉴。     

玛纳斯河灌区地表水与地下水联合调度模型

通过分析新疆农八师玛纳斯河灌区水资源供需状况,结合灌区的灌溉系统、农作物种类及灌溉制度,建立了以灌区地下水抽水总量最小为主要目标,以灌区农业经济总效益最大为次要目标的地表水与地下水联合调度模型,并采用目标规划法对模型进行了求解,得到了在不同保证率下灌区地表水和地下水联合调度方案及农作物种植面积。结果表明:灌区供需水高峰期不一致和灌溉系统的蓄水、输配水能力不足是产生灌区水资源供需矛盾的主要原因,应适当调整灌区农业种植结构,改造灌区水利工程。     

Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater: Application of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Genetic Algorithms

Combined simulation-optimization models have been widely used to address the management of water resources issues. This paper presents a simulation-optimization model for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater at a basin-wide scale, the Zayandehrood river basin in west central Iran. In the Zayandehrood basin, in the past 10 years, a historical low rainfall in the head of the basin, combined with growing demand for water, has triggered great changes in water management at basin and irrigation system level. The conjunctive use model that coupled numerical simulation with nonlinear optimization is used to minimize shortages of water in meeting irrigation demands for four irrigation systems. Constraints guarantee the maximum/minimum cumulative groundwater drawdown and maximum capacity of irrigation systems. A support vector machines (SVMs) model is developed as a simulator of surface water and groundwater interaction model while a genetic algorithm (GA) is used as the optimization model. Conjunctive use model runs for three scenarios. Results show that the accuracy of SVMs as a simulator for surface water and groundwater interaction model is good and that it is possible to decrease the water shortage for irrigation systems with application of proposed SVMs-GA model.     

Optimum Abstraction of Groundwater for Sustaining Groundwater Level and Reducing Irrigation Cost

Adaptation to increasing irrigation cost due to declination of groundwater level is a major challenge in groundwater dependent irrigated region. The objective of this study is to estimate the optimum abstraction of groundwater for irrigation for sustainable management of groundwater resources in Northwest Bangladesh. A data-driven model using a support vector machine (SVM) has been developed to estimate the optimum abstraction of groundwater for irrigation and a multiple-linear regression (MLR)-based model has been developed to estimate the reduction of the irrigation cost due to the elevation of the groundwater level. The application of the SVM model revealed that the groundwater level in the area can be kept within the suction lift of a shallow tube-well by reducing pre-monsoon groundwater-dependent irrigated agriculture by 40%. Adaptive measures, such as reducing the overuse of water for irrigation and rescheduling harvesting, can keep the minimum level of groundwater within the reach of shallow tube-wells by reducing only 10% of groundwater-based irrigated agriculture. The elevation of the groundwater level through those adaptive measures can reduce the irrigation cost by 2.07 × 10³ Bangladesh Taka (BDT) per hectare in Northwest Bangladesh, where the crop production cost is increasing due to the decline of the groundwater level. It is expected that the study would help in policy planning for the sustainable management of groundwater resources in the region.     

The Pros and Cons of Encouraging Shallow Groundwater Use through Controlled Drainage in a Salt-Impacted Irrigation Area

Encouraging shallow groundwater use through water table management or controlled drainage in irrigated areas can relief crop water stress under water shortage condition. But substituting fresh irrigation water with saline groundwater may speed up salinity buildup in the crop root zone, and consequently increase water use for salt leaching. With a proposed analytical model, this paper presents a case study demonstrating the effect of encouraging shallow groundwater use through controlled drainage on salt and water management in a semi-arid irrigation area in northwestern China. Based on the average rainfall condition, the model assumes that salt accumulates in the crop root zone due to irrigation and shallow groundwater use; till the average soil salinity reaches the crop tolerance level, leaching irrigation is performed and the drainage outlet is lowered to discharge the salt-laden leaching water. For the relatively salt tolerant crop–cotton in the study area, the predicted leaching cycle was as long as 751 days using the fresh water (with salinity of 0.5 g/L) irrigation only; it was shortened to 268 days when the water table depth was controlled at 2 m and 23% of the crop water requirement was contributed from the saline groundwater (with salinity of 4.43 g/L). The predicted leaching cycle was 140 days when the water table depth was controlled at 1.5 m and groundwater contribution was 41% of the crop water requirement; it was shortened to 119 days when the water table depth was controlled at 1.2 m and the groundwater contribution was 67% of the crop water requirements. So the benefit from encouraged shallow groundwater use through controlled drainage is obtained at the expense of shortened leaching cycle; but the shallow groundwater use by crops consists of a significant portion of crop water requirements, and the leaching cycle remains long enough to provide a time window for scheduled leaching in the off season of irrigation. Weighing the pros and cons of the encouraged shallow groundwater use may help plan irrigation and drainage practices to achieve higher water use efficiency in saline agricultural areas.     

Simulation supported scenario analysis for water resources planning: a case study in northern Italy.

The work presents the results of a comprehensive modelling study of surface and groundwater resources in the Muzza-Bassa Lodigiana irrigation district, in Northern Italy. It assesses the impact of changes in land use and irrigation water availability on the distribution of crop water consumption in space and time, as well as on the groundwater resources. A distributed, integrated surface water-groundwater simulation system was implemented and applied to the study area. The system is based on the coupling of a conceptual vadose zone model with the groundwater model MODFLOW. To assess the impact of land use and irrigation water availability on water deficit for crops as well as on groundwater system in the area, a number of management scenarios were identified and compared with a base scenario, reflecting the present conditions. Changes in land use may alter significantly both total crop water requirement and aquifer recharge. Water supply is sufficient to meet demand under present conditions and, from the crop water use viewpoint, a reduction of water availability has a positive effect on the overall irrigation system efficiency; however, evapotranspiration deficit increases, concentrated in July and August, when it may be critical for maize crops.     

干旱区扬水灌溉对区域地下水动态特征的影响分析

受季节性人工灌溉的影响,干旱扬水灌区不同运移带的地下水具有独特的时空动态特性。以甘肃省景电一期灌区为研究区,利用其1982~2011年地下水位实时监测数据,分析灌区地下水时空变化规律,探索干旱扬黄灌区不同地下水运动带的地下水动态特性。研究表明,灌区内的潜水汇聚带与潜水运移带年际地下水位具有明显的上升趋势,地势比较低洼的潜水汇聚带甚至出现地下水出露现象,而灌溉水入渗带与潜水排泄带地下水位处于相对平衡状态;灌区内不同地下水运动带年内的地下水位变化过程具有显著差异性,这种差异主要是受灌溉过程及区域局部开采共同作用影响;灌区地下水空间动态以自西南向东北运移为主。     

干旱内陆区自然-人工条件下地下水位动态的ANN模型

根据我国干旱内陆区自然-人工条件下地下水系统的特点，建立了甘肃省石羊河流域下 游地下水位动态的人工神经网络模型，采用附加动量法和学习速率自适应调整策略对反向传播算法（BP）进行改造，以提高计算速度。该模型以前期地下水位、降雨量、蒸发量、地表来水量、灌溉面积、灌水定额、人口数量作为输入变量，采用缺省因子检验法分析了上述各个因子对地下水位影响的敏感性，模拟了不同灌溉发展面积及地表来水条件下地下水位动态。结果表明：研究区人类活动及地表来水是影响地下水位动态的主要因子，灌溉面积的扩大及地表来水的减少会使地下水位持续下降。模型具有较高的精度，可以较好地定量描述地下水位动态与上述各因子之间的响应关系；研究结果可应用于该地区地下水系统的管理。     

地下水取水工程二元管理结构浅析

目前,我国开发利用地下水结构不合理,大量的地下水资源用于农业灌溉,使得地下水资源未发挥出其特性。同时,超采地下水引起的地质环境问题愈演愈烈。地下水取水工程整体管理水平和能力与其客观要求仍有相当距离。二元制地下水取水工程管理制度可以为制定科学的管理手段及法规条例提供定量化的数据和技术支撑。     

Application of Neural Networks and Optimization Model in Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater

This study develops an optimization model for the large-scale conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources. The aim is to maximize public and irrigation water supplies subject to groundwater-level drawdown constraints. Linear programming is used to create the optimization model, which is formulated as a linear constrained objective function. An artificial neural network is trained by a flow modeling program at specific observation wells, and the network is then incorporated into the optimization model. The proposed methodology is applied to the Chou-Shui alluvial fan system, located in central Taiwan. People living in this region rely on large quantities of pumped water for their public and irrigation demands. This considerable dependency on groundwater has resulted in severe land subsidence in many coastal regions of the alluvial fan. Consequently, an efficient means of implementing large-scale conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater is needed to prevent further overuse of groundwater. Two different optimization scenarios are considered. The results given by the proposed model show that water-usage can be balanced with a stable groundwater level. Our findings may assist officials and researchers in establishing plans to alleviate land subsidence problems.