浙江5座水源水库浮游动物调查及水质评价

为研究浙江5座水源水库浮游动物群落结构特征及水质状况,分别于2014年8月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)对浮游动物的群落组成、优势种、密度、生物量和多样性进行了调查分析。共鉴定出浮游动物53种,包括原生动物14种、轮虫18种、枝角类9种、桡足类12种,优势种为台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclopstaihokuensis)。水源水库物种年均密度和生物量分别为1088.85 ind./L和1.1 mg/L,丰水期(1869.49 ind./L和1.85 mg/L)明显高于枯水期(308.22 ind./L和0.35 mg/L)。运用香农威纳指数H'、Margalef物种丰富度指数d_M和Pielou均匀度指数J对5座中型水源水库综合评价,结果显示总体水质为清洁-轻污染水平,丰水期水质明显好于枯水期。     

海河口浮游动物多样性初探

调查研究了2014年5、8月海河口9个站点的浮游动物物种及其数量。海河口有浮游动物24种,以轮虫、桡枝足类为主,优势种为褶皱臂尾轮虫。各断面浮游动物平均密度5月为71.32 ind./L、8月为586.41 ind./L,夏季明显比春季有所提高。调查水域浮游动物的平均生物量5、8月分别为24.55、0.78 mg/L,5月高于8月,闸上高于闸下。浮游动物的各项特征与季节、所在水体盐度及营养盐状况有关。     

春夏季汾河二库浮游动物群落特征及其水质评价

为了解汾河二库浮游动物群落结构及水质状况,于2016年和2017年春(5月)、夏(8月)季对汾河二库浮游动物进行了4次调查,共检出浮游动物28种,其中原生动物16种,轮虫9种,枝角类1种,桡足类2种。2017年春季浮游动物总丰度最高,为16 811个/L;2016年夏季浮游动物总丰度较低,为3 441个/L,同时用浮游动物生物量,Shannon-Weaver多样性指数H及综合营养状态指数(TLI)等方法评价其水质。汾河二库浮游动物平均生物量在0.21~0.98 mg/L,Shannon-Weaver多样性指数H变化范围为1.40~2.52,水质为轻污染至中污染。综合浮游动物生物量及营养状态指数(TLI)评价结果显示,汾河二库为贫-中营养型水库。     

南水北调后密云水库浮游动物多样性及水生态环境评价

采用野外生态学方法,于2016—2018年(每年6月和9月)研究了北京密云水库浮游动物多样性和重金属生态风险,并对水库生态健康状况进行了评价。结果表明:密云水库浮游动物共检出4类113种,平均密度为4 497ind./L,平均生物量为7.50mg/L。优势种为针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)和台湾温剑水蚤(Cyclops taihokuensis)(桡足幼体)。浮游动物生物量以枝角类和桡足类为主,但种类和密度仍以原生动物和轮虫为主。浮游生物多样性良好,显示水体轻污染或无污染,但浮游动物小型化和优势种均显示有富营养化加剧的可能。水体中重金属均处在国家标准Ⅰ类,密云水库可作为优质水源。沉积物中重金属Cu、 Cd浓度明显减少,但Pb、 Cr、 As浓度明显增加,其中As浓度显著增加,并且潜在生态风险最高。总之,南水北调后,密云水库浮游动物群落结构复杂,在种类组成和数量上变化明显,多样性和均匀性均较好,但仍预示着潜在的富营养化风险;水体和沉积物中仍存在氮磷和沉积物中重金属偏高的问题,水库控制富营养化仍不容忽视。     

北京崇青水库浮游生物群落结构及水质健康评价

为了解崇青水库浮游生物群落结构和水质情况,于2017年和2018年夏秋两季(6月、9月)对北京崇青水库进行水质和生物调查,结果发现浮游植物共8门77种,平均密度5.61×106ind./L,生物量41.31 mg/L,属于绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻型水库,优势种为尖脆杆藻Fragilaria acus、普通小球藻Chlorella vulgaris;发现浮游动物共113种,平均密度1048ind./L,生物量1.40 mg/L,主要组成为原生动物和轮虫,优势种为小单环栉毛虫Di-dinium balbianii nanum、针簇多肢轮虫Polyarthra trigla、尖尾疣毛轮虫Synchatea stylata;浮游植物多样性指数H′为2.83,均匀度指数J为0.66;浮游动物多样性指数H′为3.35,均匀度指数J为0.70,利用基础饵料法估计水库鱼产力为4.3×106kg.综合来看,崇青水库水质总体状态良好,营养状态为中营养型;但氮磷含量较高,浮游生物富营养化指示种的出现,表示崇青水库有水质恶化的可能.     

锦凌水库水生生物群落结构及鱼产力研究

于2019年5月和2020年6月对锦凌水库的水质、浮游生物和底栖动物进行了调查研究.结果显示,锦凌水库浮游植物共检出8门116种,平均密度为7.0×106ind./L,平均生物量为3.03mg/L;浮游动物共检出4类70种,平均密度为2192ind./L,平均生物量为3.88mg/L;底栖动物共检出3门9种,平均密度为290ind./m2,平均生物量为10.33g/m2;采用基础饵料法计算鱼产量约为3.7×106kg.锦凌水库夏季氮磷含量高,富营养化呈现增加趋势,浮游生物和底栖动物群落结构复杂,垂直分布和水平分布明显,其中上游最为突出,应重点关注.结合水质富营养状态、蓝藻占据优势、浮游动物小型化以及底栖动物稳定性低分析,锦凌水库夏季水生态处于中营养状态,并可能有水华发生,因此,进一步对锦凌水库尤其上游开展监测和环境治理十分重要.     

西河湾浮游植物调查及营养状况评价

对西河湾2019年3～11月的水体理化指标和浮游植物群落结构进行调查,监测结果表明,西河湾水质状况为V类水标准,主要超标项目为总磷、总氮.各采样点的综合营养状态指数在43.9～49.6之间波动,西河湾整体达到中营养化水平.调查期间共发现浮游植物8门58属116种,其中绿藻门和硅藻门在种类上占据优势,分别占藻类种类数的41.38%和31.03%.各采样点藻细胞密度变化范围较大,全年波动于0.35×10~5～180.6×10~5ind/L之间,平均为19.7×10~5ind/L. Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数随时间呈现出一定的变化,西河湾水体的污染程度3月、9月高于5月、7月、11月. 3种多样性指数对西河湾水质评价结果一致,显示该水体几乎全年处于中污型状态,与综合营养状态指数分析结果也具有较好的一致性.     

白石水库浮游动物群落结构及鱼产力研究

本研究采用野外生态学方法,于2013年8月至2014年7月对白石水库浮游动物群落结构开展逐月调查,旨在为该水库可持续优水渔业开发利用和水生态安全对策提供依据.结果表明,白石水库浮游动物共检出4类222种,主要类群为轮虫和原生动物,密度为770±446ind./L,生物量为2.65±1.21mg/L,多样性指数为2.87±0.41,均匀度指数为0.49±0.06.4种生物指标均存在季节和水平分布差异,密度季节变化为夏季>冬季>秋季>春季,水平变化为上游>河口>中游>下游;生物量季节变化为秋季>冬季>夏季>春季,水平变化为下游>上游>中游>河口;多样性指数和均匀度指数季节变化均为秋季>春季>冬季>夏季,水平变化均为河口>上游>中游>下游.采用基础饵料法计算的鱼产力达234.3kg/hm2,全库鱼产量为70×104kg,按有效水深计算鱼产力为119×104kg.白石水库浮游动物群落结构上小型化严重,优势种多为富营养化种类,夏季多样性最低,水体处于中度富营养型,其中河口及上游应重点关注,此外鱼产力具有一定的提升空间.为确保白石水库水质安全,我们建议采用优水渔业控制氮磷、生态修复和定期检测相结合的方法进行进一步深入研究.     

海南秋季重点水库浮游动物群落结构特征研究

为掌握海南重点水库浮游动物群落结构特征,全面支撑海南省三大流域水生态调查研究工作,2022年11月对松涛水库、大广坝水库、牛路岭水库的浮游动物群落结构特征展开调查研究。结果显示,三大重点水库共鉴定浮游动物12科16属25种、 18科24属32种、 14科19属32种,优势种以球形砂壳虫、螺形龟甲轮虫、裂痕龟纹轮虫占主导。浮游动物丰度分别在992.98～1 875.11 ind./L、 1 878.36～2 667.38 ind./L、 30.13～18338.44 ind./L之间,平均值在1 497.14～6 663.68 ind./L之间,水库各站点存在明显差异。总体而言,大广坝水库的种类数整体较为丰富,生物多样性水平较高,水生态质量评价为良好,松涛水库、牛路岭水库的水生态质量状况整体评价为中污染状态。     

南京外秦淮河浮游动植物初步调查研究

对南京外秦淮河的浮游动植物种类、数量、生物量、优势种等进行了初步调查研究,共检出南京外秦淮河浮游植物5门37属43种,浮游动物3类12属13种.浮游植物平均数量为3 367.23万个/L,生物量为17.912mg/L,浮游动物平均数量为91.38个/L,生物量为4.171 mg/L.从外秦淮河上游到下游,浮游植物种类数、数量和生物量总体上逐渐递增,浮游动物种类数和生物量上、下游多于中游,数量也呈递增趋势.浮游植物优势种主要有微囊藻、颤藻、颗粒直链藻和团藻,浮游动物优势种有萼花臂尾轮虫、近亲裸腹溞和广布中剑水蚤,初步判定外秦淮河有机污染仍然严重,富营养化程度高.     

Contrasting zooplankton communities of two bays of the large,shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu,China: Their relationship to environmental factors

Zooplankton are an important link in aquatic food webs of lakes serving as consumers of algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms and as prey for fish and invertebrates. Despite their importance, little is known about the structure of the zooplankton communities of subtropic, large, shallow, eutrophic freshwater lakes. Our investigation of zooplankton communities in Lake Taihu, a subtropic, shallow, eutrophic lake and the third largest lake in China provides new information on this subject. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and water chemistry samples were collected monthly from July 2006 to June 2007 in Meiliang and Gonghu Bays of Lake Taihu. Thirty zooplankton species were identified in Meiliang Bay with small-bodied cladocerans Bosmina coregoni and Ceriodaphnia cornuta contributing 21% and 11%, respectively to total zooplankton abundance which averaged 459 ind/L. Thirty-five species were identified in Gonghu Bay with the rotifers Polyarthra trigla and Brachionus calyciflorus the dominant species, contributing 21% and 11% respectively to total zooplankton abundance which averaged 467 ind/L. Predation by lake anchovy (Coilia ectenes taihuensis) and ice fish (Neosalanx tangkahkeii taihuensis) likely accounted for the dominance of both bays by small-bodied species. Community structure and community patterns were correlated with differences in Microcystis blooms and organic matter levels (chemical oxygen demand) in the two bays. Based on canonical correspondence analyses dissolved total nitrogen, orthophosphate, Cyclotella and Pinnularia also contributed to variability in zooplankton community composition.     

Sampling sufficiency for estimating zooplankton diversity in neotropical floodplain lakes

This study focuses on determining how many samples are needed to effectively assess the species richness of a community. Zooplankton samples at 40 sampling sites distributed among four lakes in the floodplain of the middle Araguaia River (Central‐West region of Brazil) were evaluated to determine the effect of the accumulation of collecting points by lake on species richness estimates. The results indicated the zooplankton community has high spatial heterogeneity. Thus, using a single sampling unit per lake would not be sufficient to accurately estimate their diversity (i.e. the zooplankton composition in these cases would be represented mainly by abundant species). Sampling designs that include a minimum of seven sampling sites in each lake are needed to record 70% of the total species richness. It is recommended, therefore, that researchers use a larger number of sampling sites per lake or, alternatively, that the water obtained and filtered through plankton nets is extracted from a wide area and in different lake compartments, rather than from a single site.     

基于多元统计分析的滆湖水质时空变化特征及原因解析

为探究滆湖水环境质量的时空变化特征,在全湖布设20个采样点,开展逐月监测并分析水环境时空变化现状,对滆湖水体进行营养状态评价,通过多元统计分析的手段识别水质时空变化特征。结果表明:春季DO、Chl-a、TN较高,DO最高月均值为11.90 mg/L,Chl-a最高月均值为50.46 mg/m~3,TN最高月均值为3.41 mg/L;夏季藻密度、TP较高,藻密度最高月均值为5 462.3万个/L,TP最高月均值为0.29 mg/L;春冬季的SD较高,春冬季SD均值为31.1 cm;春夏季的pH、EC较高,春夏季pH均值为8.063,春夏季EC均值为358.9μS/cm;北部湖区SD、水温、DO、TN、TP高于其他两个湖区,中心湖区的pH、Chl-a和EC高,南部湖区的藻密度高。滆湖水体综合营养状态指数为中营养状态与水环境因子有显著相关性。将滆湖9个水质指标数据,可概括为3个主成分,聚类分析将20个样点按时间尺度上分为2组;按空间尺度上分为2组。DO、水温、TP是导致月份差异的主要指标,SD、DO、EC是导致空间差异的主要指标。通过对水质时空变化的进行客观全面的分析更有助于界定水质特征,为湖泊修复提供理论依据。     

陈桥东湖浮游生物群落结构特征及水质评价

陈桥东湖是新乡黄河湿地鸟类国家级自然保护区中部实验区的常年集水区之一,是许多珍稀鸟类的繁殖及栖息地,具有重要的生物多样性保护和潜在的科学研究、生态旅游价值。为了解陈桥东湖浮游生物群落结构特征及水质状况,于2017年1月、4月、7月和10月对陈桥东湖进行浮游生物采样调查,并利用浮游生物多样性指数评价水质状况。结果共发现浮游植物有8门67属118种,其中绿藻47种,种类最多,占39.83%;其次是硅藻,有35种;甲藻最少,只有2种。各采样点浮游植物丰度变化范围为(2.52~39.7)×10⁶ cells/L,全年主要优势门类为硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻。共发现浮游动物34种,轮虫种类最多,共21种,占61.76%;丰度变化为68~1 342 cells/L。全年轮虫为主要优势种类,轮虫滤食者RF为主要浮游动物功能群。浮游生物多样性指数结果显示陈桥东湖水体整体呈中度污染状况,且夏季最差,冬季相对较好,与水体理化指标调查结果一致。研究成果可为新乡黄河湿地水环境保护及生态修护提供参考依据。     

Lake—Wide Seasonal Changes in Limnological Conditions in Lake Michigan in 1976

Data collected on lake-wide cruises in 1976 were used to study seasonal and vertical variations in water temperature, transparency, chlorophyll a, and nutrients in Lake Michigan. Data were analyzed according to subsets corresponding to the northern and southern open lake. Comparisons (t-tests) of data from the open lake indicated that the average water temperature was cooler and average water transparency was greater in the northern lake than in the southern, but with the exception of total phosphorus, average nutrient concentrations did not differ between the northern and southern parts. It was found that physical-chemical characteristics of nearshore and Straits of Mackinac stations differed significantly from open lake stations. Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the open lake were related to seasonal and vertical changes in silica and nitrate nitrogen. The spring phytoplankton bloom occurred before the lake was strongly stratified thermally. After thermal stratification was well developed, epilimnetic concentrations of chlorophyll a decreased, probably due to some combination of nutrient limitation and zooplankton grazing, and maximum chlorophyll a concentrations were found below the thermocline. Epilimnetic silica concentrations decreased after thermal stratification and diatoms were replaced in the phytoplankton assemblage by green and blue-green algae in late summer. Total phosphorus averaged only 8 μg/L on a lake-wide basis and thus only small but significant reductions in absolute concentration can be expected from phosphorus control programs. However, over a period of several years, these small reductions in concentration may be difficult to verify from total phosphorus measurements which have relatively large sampling errors and variances.     

Variations in zooplankton community structure and water quality conditions in three habitat types in northern Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria is vulnerable to increasing eutrophication, which has become manifested in ecological changes not yet fully understood. From October 2009 to January 2010, the influence of water quality on zooplankton community structure in three habitats in northern Lake Victoria, including sewage lagoons at the lake shores, Napoleon Gulf (NG) and the interface between the lake and the Nile River (also known as Source of the Nile River), was examined. Selected physico‐chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen concentration; water temperature; electrical conductivity; water depth) were measured in‐situ, while water samples were collected for chlorophyll‐a determinations. Zooplankton was sampled with conical plankton net (mesh size 60 μm; 0.25‐m mouth diameter). The NG and Source of the River Nile (SN) sampling sites exhibited significantly higher species richness, relative to the Sewage Lagoons (SL) site (F_2,69 = 68.533; P < 0.05). Higher mean densities and dry biomass of zooplankton was generally a characteristic of the SL site (8715 ± 3241 ind L^?1; 1862 ± 451 μg L^?1), compared to the NG (119 ± 24 ind L^?1; 53 ± 8 μg L^?1) and SN sites (151 ± 26 ind L^?1; 58 ± 9 μg L^?1). Copepoda constituted a high numerical composition of the zooplankton at the NG and SN sites (>90% for both sites), while Rotifera dominated the zooplankton community at the SL site (97%). The mean values (±SE) of soluble reactive phosphorus (4060.7 ± 776.6 μg L^?1) and nitrate–nitrogen (2121.7 ± 355.5 μg L^?1) were much higher for the SL site, compared with the SN (8.2 ± 1.1 μg L^?1; 28.6 ± 5.3 μg L^?1, respectively), and NG site (7.8 ± 0.8 μg L^?1; 32.7 ± 5.4 μg L^?1, respectively). This study indicated the nutrient‐rich conditions observed at the SL site suppress the zooplankton species diversity, but favour species‐specific abundance and biomass. These study results indicate the zooplankton community structure can be used as a biological indicator of water quality in the Lake Victoria region.     

长江中、下游干流磷的沿程分布特征研究

为了解长江中下游磷营养盐的分布特征及磷素的污染状况,2014年5月29日至6月7日沿长江中、下游干流在湖北武汉,江西九江,安徽安庆,江苏的南通、镇江、南京,上海等地设置采样断面,现场监测表层、中层和底层水体中总磷（TP）、溶解性总磷（TDP）、颗粒态总磷（TPP）、溶解性正磷酸盐（SOP）的含量,分析干流磷的沿程分布特征。研究结果表明：长江中、下游干流各采样地TP平均含量范围在0．15～0．25 mg／L,各采样地下游TP平均含量高于上游,各采样地下游左岸及右岸TP平均含量较中泓处高,且左岸TP平均含量较右岸高;各采样地TDP平均含量范围为0．02～0．13 mg／L,且采样地下游TDP平均含量较上游高;各采样地TPP平均含量范围为0．10～0．20 mg／L,沿长江中下游沿程方向TPP占TP百分比逐渐减小,但TPP仍是长江中下游TP的主要贡献者,TPP分布与叶绿素a的分布极为相似,二者呈显著正相关;各采样地SOP平均含量范围为0．02～0．11 mg／L,且 SOP平均含量沿长江中、下游沿程方向显示出增加趋势,SOP是TDP的主要组成部分,SOP平均含量占TDP平均含量70％以上。总体上,长江中下游水体中各形态磷含量较低,水质良好。     

洪湖沉积物碳氮磷分布特征及污染评价

洪湖是中国第七大淡水湖,富营养化问题日益突出。全面了解洪湖沉积物氮、磷、有机质的含量及分布特征,对掌握其富营养化现状与氮磷污染生态风险具有重要意义。在湖区布设了8个采样点,2019年10月采集50 cm柱状沉积物,分别测定不同深度沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)以及有机质(OM)含量,分析了TN、TP 和OM 含量的空间分布特征及相关性,并运用综合污染指数法评价其对应的污染程度。结果表明:洪湖沉积物TN含量在467.8~8 454.5 mg/kg之间,平均值2 167 mg/kg,为重度污染,其中近一半的采样点表层沉积物TN含量>5 000 mg/kg;TP含量在502.7~1 252.4 mg/kg之间,平均值693.8 mg/kg,除杨柴湖为重度污染外,其他大部分地区为中度污染;有机质含量占比在5.0%~24.9%之间,平均值9.6%,为重度污染。在垂直空间上,TN、TP 和OM 均在沉积物表层垂向深度0~20 cm存在明显的积累,其含量随垂向深度的增加而迅速降低。研究成果可为洪湖富营养化的控制与治理提供科学数据支撑。     

东洞庭湖秋季氮磷营养盐结构及水华风险分析

以东洞庭湖区小型入湖河流、主洪道、主湖体为研究区域,于2016年9月分别设置12个代表断面进行氮、磷营养盐等环境因子及浮游植物调查。通过对氮磷营养盐形态结构、浮游植物群落结构及环境因子与浮游植物的RDA典范对应分析,探讨了秋季东洞庭湖蓝藻水华发生的风险水平。结果表明:(1)东洞庭湖ρ_(TN)为0.96~1.86 mg/L,平均1.58 mg/L,ρ_(TP)为0.065~0.137 mg/L,平均0.101 mg/L,其中入湖河流的ρ_(TN)、ρ_(TP)最低。水体氮磷以溶解态为主,ρ_(DTN)/ρ_(TN)为88.5%,ρ_(DTP)/ρ_(TP)为56.0%,其中ρ_(DIN)/ρ_(DTN)为75.4%,ρ_(PO34--P)/ρ_(DTP)为80.5%,ρ_(TN)/ρ_(TP)为16.9;其中东洞庭湖藻密度为9×10~4~325.2×10~4个/L,平均72.6×10~4个/L。(2)空间分布上,主湖体藻密度高于主洪道,主洪道及主湖体大部分水域优势属种为硅藻门的直链藻(Melosira sp.),其中主湖体北部尾部水域大小西湖发生了蓝藻水华,其优势属种为蓝藻门的颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)、鱼腥藻(Anabeana sp.)。(3)RDA分析表明TP与流速是影响东洞庭湖水体蓝藻生长的主要环境因子,其它环境因子也有一定的影响。(4)主洪道、主湖体已轻度富营养,秋季藕池河断流时段,主湖体发生蓝藻水华的风险较大,尤其大小西湖水域爆发蓝藻水华的风险极大,主洪道由于水体较为浑浊,流速较大,对藻类生长有抑制作用,发生蓝藻水华的风险较小。     

白洋淀生态环境的现状与治理保护

白洋淀作为华北最大的淡水湖,水域面积锐减,随着最近几十年连续出现干淀现象及大量污水进入白洋淀,白洋淀生态环境遭到严重破坏.2005年,河北省启动一项历时10年、总投资达80亿元的白洋淀生态环境治理计划,以恢复白洋淀的生态环境.文章从白洋淀的生态环境恶化的原因的角度来分析白洋淀的现状并提出治理和保护措施.