Improvement of the process of fuel firing on BKZ-210-140F boilers

The existing flame processes of dual firing of gas and solid fuel are updated with reconstruction of the burners at the Chelyabinsk TéTs-2. This is connected with marked worsening of the quality of local coal supplied to the cogeneration plant. Comparative tests of boilers with burners subjected to different degrees of updating have shown that replacement of the now used swirled method of introduction of reagents into the furnace by a uniflow one lowers the heat flows to the metal structures and to the settling of the burner throats making them more reliable. The emission of nitrogen oxides is minimized in the mode of gas firing and the activity of slagging of the furnace and of the platens is reduced in the mode of coal firing, which makes it possible to raise the steam rate of the boiler. Ways for further improvement of burner design with respect to nitrogen oxide emissions in the polydisperse flame are outlined. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2006, pp. 13–19.     

Slagging properties of coals and allowance for them in the analysis of the possibility of using out-of-design fuel

It is shown that out-of-design coal should be used only after computational analysis of slagging of the boiler. The use of ash fusibility as a criterion for the analysis should be avoided because this property does not reflect the slagging properties of coal to an acceptable degree. Parameters characterizing the properties more appropriately are presented. It is shown that slagging of an actual furnace depends on many factors and the condition that “the thermal stresses should be lower than the limiting value” is insufficient. An algorithm for the analysis is suggested on the basis of the slagging conditions arising upon transition from one kind of fuel to another with allowance for the actual slagging situation. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 3, March 2006, pp. 18–23.     

超临界直流锅炉冷态空气动力场研究

针对四角切圆锅炉水平烟道上普遍存在烟温偏差的情况,在河北国华定洲发电厂新建锅炉开展了冷态空气动力场试验,重点研究炉膛出口烟气流速分布情况。试验证明,通过调整分离燃尽风（SOFA）喷嘴的角度,能有效改变炉膛出口气流的分布,保证左、右烟气流速均匀,可满足锅炉正常运行的要求。     

Limiting allowable current loads on the conductors of active high-voltage lines with allowance for their heating by solar radiation

The relationship between the temperature of conductors in high-voltage lines (HVL) subject to solar radiation with no wind and their diameter is derived, an algorithm is presented for calculation of the limiting allowable heating temperature of conductors in the active HVL on the conditions that standard conductor-to-ground and conductor-to intersecting entity clearance is maintained, an equation is given for calculation of the limiting allowable current load on HVLwith allowance for their heating by solar radiation, and results of the calculations are presented. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, pp. 56–059, July, 2006.     

底孔坝段温度应力场仿真研究

针对坝身开孔后削弱了混凝土坝结构的整体性、孔口周围易产生应力集中并可能导致产生温度裂缝的问题,采用三维有限单元法对底孔坝段施工全过程进行温度应力场仿真研究,计算考虑了通水冷却、混凝土的水化热温升以及弹性模量等对底孔坝段温度和应力的影响,并对比分析了不同方案下坝体温度应力。结果表明:方案4(约束区Tp=18℃,非约束区Tp=22℃,通水冷却)在采取通水冷却和控制混凝土浇筑温度措施后,高程1 624.5~1 631.5 m范围内垫层常态混凝土最高温度为33.8℃,最大温度应力为1.50 MPa;高程1 626.5~1 646.5 m范围内碾压混凝土最高温度为26.8℃,最大温度应力为1.32 MPa;高程1 646.5~1 692.0 m范围内闸室以上常态混凝土最高温度为36.5℃,最大温度应力为1.45 MPa,从而坝段各区域的最高温度均小于允许最高温度,最大应力小于该工程的允许拉应力。研究成果为混凝土坝底孔坝段施工温度控制提供借鉴。     

Results of heat tests of the TGE-435 main boiler in the PGU-190/220 combined-cycle plant of the Tyumen’ TÉTs-2 cogeneration plant

Special features of operation of a boiler operating as a combined-cycle plant and having its own furnace and burner unit are descried. The flow of flue gases on the boiler is increased due to feeding of exhaust gases of the GTU into the furnace, which intensifies the convective heat exchange. In addition, it is not necessary to preheat air in the convective heating surfaces (the boiler has no air preheater). The convective heating surfaces of the boiler are used for heating the feed water, thus replacing the regeneration extractions of the steam turbine (HPP are absent in the circuit) and partially replacing the preheating of condensate (the LPP in the circuit of the unit are combined with preheaters of delivery water). Regeneration of the steam turbine is primarily used for the district cogeneration heating purposes. The furnace and burner unit of the exhaust-heat boiler (which is a new engineering solution for the given project) ensures utilization of not only the heat of the exhaust gases of the GTU but also of their excess volume, because the latter contains up to 15% oxygen that oxidizes the combustion process in the boiler. Thus, the gas temperature at the inlet to the boiler amounts to 580°C at an excess air factor α = 3.50; at the outlet these parameters are utilized to T _out = 139°C and α_out = 1.17. The proportions of the GTU/boiler loads that can actually be organized at the generating unit (and have been checked by testing) are presented and the proportions of loads recommended for the most efficient operation of the boiler are determined. The performance characteristics of the boiler are presented for various proportions of GTU/boiler loads. The operating conditions of the superheater and of the convective trailing heating surfaces are presented as well as the ecological parameters of the generating unit. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 12, December 2006, pp. 26–32.     

Operation of T-250/300-240 turbines without working blades in the last stages of the low-pressure cylinder

The current operating regimes for turbines of this type and their possible long-term uses affect the choice of a rational option for the modernization of the low-pressure cylinder (using a three stage rotor with reduced lengths of the working blades in the last stage or removal of working blades in the last stages), which should be made taking into account the specific conditions at each given heating and electric power plant. Studies of T-250/300-240 turbines at the heating and electric power plant TéTs-23 of JSC “Mosénergo” operating without working blades in the last stages of the low-pressure cylinder are described. These demonstrate increased efficiency during both summer and winter operation under the conditions at this plant. The condition of the trailing edges of the working blades in stages 30 and 39 is found to be excellent, but erosion of the steam inlet deflector cone in the region of the feedthrough for the low-pressure cylinder along the direction of the twist in the flow is observed. It is proposed that an alignment module be installed at the outlet of the low-pressure cylinder for protection from overload, the compressor effect, and root eddies. For further increases in efficiency it is proposed to examine the feasibility of raising the maximum allowable temperature of the exhaust at the low-pressure cylinder of the modernized turbine. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2007, pp. 84–90.     

基于预应力实测资料的闸墩结构安全评估研究

针对闸墩中孔周边区域应力分布复杂的问题,进行三维有限元分析。为准确评估中孔闸墩结构运行期的安全性,根据整体拱坝模型计算结果,运用子模型方法,获取各种工况下中孔闸墩结构的局部边界条件,基于锚索测力计实测数据,建立考虑时效、外界温度及上游水位波动等影响的预应力回归模型。在此基础上,采用三维非线性有限元分析方法对西南某碾压混凝土拱坝中孔闸墩结构进行全面安全评价。计算结果表明:当前工作状态下,闸墩结构应力分布规律与设计状态基本相同,颈部最大法向应力为1.27 MPa,出现在左中孔右边墙位置,小于允许拉应力1.54 MPa,满足闸墩抗裂要求。     

Investigation of the diversion outlet of the Kirzan hydro development

Conclusion As a result of experimental investigations on a hydraulic model, an improved design of the diversion outlet was obtained, which has practically the same construction volumes and elements and in comparison with the original variant has the following advantages: It has a higher discharge capacity at low levels and a lower capacity at high levels of the water in the reservoir; it provides an allowable maximum fall during damming of the river channel; it provides the maximum allowable discharge at the highest water level in the reservoir; it guarantees a free flow in the pipes in the entire range of discharges; it has better spreading and dissipation of the energy of the flow in the lower pool; it provides a 25% smaller depth of scouring in the lower pool; it prevents local scouring of the tailwater channel in the immediate vicinity of the structure.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 12–14, November, 1989.     

Utility of Ten-Day Climate Model Ensemble Simulations for Water Resources Applications in Korean Watersheds

We demonstrate the use of a quantitative measure of the effectiveness of using climate model simulations of surface precipitation and temperature for water resources applications involving extremes of watershed average precipitation and temperature, and watershed discharge. This diagnostic measure is considered in association with the use of climate information to condition ensemble seasonal predictions of watershed variables. Seven watersheds in the Korean peninsula constitute the application sites. The climate model effectiveness is expressed by a utility index E_P that measures the ability of the climate model simulations of an indicator variable (i.e., nodal precipitation or temperature) to discriminate observed distributions of the highs and lows of a watershed target variable (i.e., mean areal precipitation and temperature as well as outlet discharge). Monte Carlo simulations provide estimates of the significance of the E_p values. For apparently the first time, ten-member ensemble simulations of daily surface precipitation and temperature from the Korean Meteorological Agency climate model are used to evaluate the climate-model utility index E_P for a temporal interval of 10 days for each application watershed. The results show that, in spite of the high uncertainty of climate simulations, there are several Korean watersheds that can benefit from the use of climate model simulations of high temporal resolution for planning and management studies that involve precipitation, temperature and discharge. In particular, seasonal ensemble prediction of watershed variables stands to gain from conditioning on high-temporal resolution climate forecasts.     

Experiments on a Low-Emission Two-Stage Model Combustor for a Medium-Power Gas Turbine

This paper is the last in the series on the reasearch into the sequential combustion process in a combustor with an outlet gas temperature of 1600 –     

螺旋型埋管能源桩桩内温度场分布特征及其影响因素分析

针对能源桩桩内温度场分布特征开展了现场原位试验,实测获得了能源桩换热过程中的桩壁和桩心温度,以此为基础结合数值模拟分析了能源桩的桩内温度场分布特征及其影响因素。分析结果表明:能源桩桩内温度温升规律与地埋管进出口温度变化规律一致,桩内温度场主要受地埋管进出口温度控制;能源桩制热(冷)时,以地埋管为起点,桩内温度远离地埋管呈抛物线下降(上升);影响能源桩桩内温度场分布特征的主要因素为回填材料导热系数和桩径,导热系数越大,相同制热时间时的桩内温度越高,且桩心温度随导热系数的增加近似呈线性上升;桩径越大,相同制热时间时的桩内温度越低,桩内温度随桩径的增加近似呈等比例下降。该研究成果可为能源桩的推广应用提供参考。     

DAILY AVERAGED 2D WATER TEMPERATURE MODEL FOR THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

A daily averaged two‐dimensional water temperature model has been developed for the freshwater part of the St. Lawrence River, between Lake St. Louis and Trois‐Rivières (Québec, Canada). The model was first calibrated and validated for the area of Lake St. Pierre, a natural enlargement of the river subject to strong lateral and longitudinal thermal variations. Forecasts from the Global Environmental Multiscale model were used in preference to observations from meteorological stations for model inputs, both to increase the spatial resolution and ultimately to allow the water temperature model to be used in predictive mode. The resulting model provided daily water temperature estimates with an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.18 °C and a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.44. Comparisons between Landsat images and simulations demonstrated that the model not only simulated accurate water temperature values but also showed the adequacy of the model in general. It not only simulated local water temperature relatively accurately but also provided a good representation of the spatial water temperature patterns within the study area. The error varied between deep and shallow water areas. In deeper water, the overall RMSE is 0.41 °C, and the modified Nash coefficient rises up to 0.92. Because shallow water areas are subject to greater variations, longer, more spatially dense data sets will be needed to refine the hydrodynamic and thermal budget models for those specific areas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raising the Reliability, Efficiency, and Ecological Safety of Operation of the BKZ-210-140F Boiler Transferred to Stage Firing of Kuznetsk Coal in a U-Shape Flame

The BKZ-210-140F boiler of the West-Siberian Cogeneration Plant was equipped initially with four uniflow tangentially oriented burners and tertiary air nozzles. In order to raise the efficiency of operation and lower harmful emissions the boiler was reconstructed. U-shape aerodynamics was organized in the furnace by mounting 8 burners, 8 secondary air nozzles, and 8 tertiary air nozzles on the front and rear walls of the furnace. The reconstruction ensured higher stability of ignition of pulverized coal without flame division and rated temperatures of the superheater metal, lowered the optimum excess air factor at the outlet from the superheater to 1.2 – 1.25, decreased the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the combustion products to 360 – 380 mg/m³, and increased the gross efficiency of the boiler to 91.5 – 91.7%.     

3030t／h超超临界锅炉燃烧工况现状浅析

针对华电邹县发电厂1000MW超超临界机组锅炉在试生产期间出现的炉膛结焦、排渣量大、渣中含原煤颗粒等问题，从锅炉设备的结构、设计、安装、以及运行维护等方面，分析了造成以上问题的原因，根据治理和改造经验．提出了预防措施和建议。     

基于环形旋转射流的预掺混扩散器水力特性试验研究

预掺混扩散器在污水出流前掺入其周围的水进行预先稀释,可增强初始稀释度,减小混合区范围。为进一步提高扩散器的稀释水平,本文提出了一种基于环形旋转射流的新型预掺混扩散器,在进流方式以及排放形式方面另辟蹊径,并系统地研究了该扩散器射流的温度场、流场和内部压力分布。研究结果表明:该预掺混扩散器稀释性能稳定,流量放大倍比约为2.5,排口处温升极值可降低约50%,1.2倍排口直径处可降低约80%;排口后环形旋转射流无速度核心区,存在内掺混机制,极值温升及流速沿喷距呈幂函数衰减规律,具有更短的射程和更强的掺混稀释能力,对迅速缩减污染带十分有利;水头损失系数较小,约为2.4。采用该预掺混扩散器,可在离岸较近的浅水区域获得较常规扩散器深排的稀释效果,进而缩短排污输水管道、降低工程投资。     

Characteristics and evaluation of the state of concrete dams operating for a long time

Conclusions The reliability of concrete dams should be evaluated by comparing the observed monitored parameters related to criteria of the safe state and reliable operation of structures with the maximum allowable values of these parameters.The maximum allowable values of the monitored parameters are determined in the basis of retrospective calculations of the structures and on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the data of long-term instrument and visual observations. The maximum allowable values of the monitored parameters can be expressed both by quantitative and qualitative quantities.In the case of insufficient information for evaluating the state of a long-operating structure and its further reliable operation, it should be equipped with additional MME and in certain cases special experimental investigations should be conducted on it.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 17–19, April, 1995.     

深厚砂性土地基大型水闸闸基防渗设计研究

为研究某深厚砂性土地基大型水闸防渗设计方案，分别应用AutoBank 软件和MIDAS 有限元软件进行了渗流和应力变形计算分析。研究表明：不设防渗墙或设置悬挂式防渗墙时，闸基出口段最大坡降均小于出口段允许坡降值，而水平段最大坡降均大于水平段允许坡降值且渗漏量较大，设置防渗墙入基岩1m，满足渗流要求；防渗墙上部以拉应力为主，下部以压应力为主，最大压应力出现于地层分界位置，但均未超过混凝土设计抗拉抗压强度；在临近地层分界线的上部区域以及底部嵌固端，普通混凝土防渗墙与塑性混凝土防渗墙有较大的区别，普通混凝土防渗墙在地层分界线上部区域最大拉应力值为0.37MPa，底部嵌固端最大拉应力值为1.46MPa，后者超过了混凝土设计抗拉强度，塑性混凝土防渗墙在上述部位无拉应力；普通混凝土防渗墙及塑性混凝土防渗墙水平位移基本一致，塑性混凝土防渗墙竖向位移较普通混凝土防渗墙大。     

丰满水电站大体积混凝土容许降温速率研究

现有大体积混凝土温控研究主要强调对内部最高温度以及温差的控制,而对降温阶段的起始时间以及容许降温速率的研究较少,导致严寒地区某些工程在完善的温控措施下仍然存在不同程度的开裂。以丰满水电站工程为例,采用容许降温速率评价大体积混凝土的开裂风险,利用有限元仿真分析软件对不同龄期混凝土的容许降温速率进行研究,分析降温速率对温度应力的影响作用,研究不同阶段的降温速率控制指标。研究结果表明,容许降温速率与混凝土相应龄期的抗力关系密切。针对丰满水电站大坝混凝土,建议早期降温速率在0.65℃～1.20℃,中期降温速率在0.40℃～0.60℃,后期降温速率要低于每天0.30℃,以降低开裂风险。     

高瓦斯隧道施工通风方案设计及瓦斯运移规律研究

通风是防治隧道瓦斯浓度超限及爆炸事故的关键措施。以石黔高速公路七曜山隧道为背景,阐述双洞高瓦斯隧道射流巷道式通风方案的设计方法,基于ＦＬＵＥＮＴ软件研究隧道内部风速与瓦斯浓度的分布规律。研究结果表明:内燃机械尾气为七曜山隧道需风量的主控因素,排风洞风筒在横通道弯折处的阻力达到总阻力的21．7％,应注意保持风筒圆顺度;同一断面不同位置风速各不相同,远离风筒的拱顶与拱壁相交处、横通道与正洞连接处等位置积聚;隧道纵向瓦斯浓度在风筒出口附近呈两端高、中间低的分布特征,建议施工人员尽量在风筒出口的后方附近驻足。