考虑弥散系数尺度效应的溶质运移模型研究

基于多空介质溶质运移的基本方程,利用erfc(x)的近似公式反求地下水溶质运移的纵向弥散参数,分析了其与尺度之间的相关关系,并运用分维理论确定了尺度效应的分维数,导出了弥散参数的表达式.结果表明:①弥散系数与尺度之间呈幂相关关系;②考虑弥散系数尺度效应的方法可较好地模拟均质的溶质迁移.     

野外单孔试验确定二维水动力弥散度

在建立地下水污染物运移模型,研究河水对地下水水质的影响时,弥散度是一个不可或缺的参数。在野外进行二维水动力弥散试验,用单孔观测数据确定弥散度。采用最小二乘拟合方法求取参数,选用1stOpt软件对观测数据进行非线性最小二乘拟合计算,求得了纵向和横向弥散度。     

考虑弥散尺度效应的一维反应性溶质运移两区模型及应用

为考虑溶质运移的弥散尺度效应,将弥散度概化为运移距离的线性和指数函数,并考虑溶质的吸附和降解,建立了非均质介质中溶质运移的一维两区模型(TRM),采用Laplace变换和de Hoog数值逆变换方法求得了模型的半解析解,分析了考虑弥散尺度效应与弥散度为常数的TRM之间的对应关系,利用算术平均方法计算了考虑弥散尺度效应的...     

银川地区饱和细砂含水介质弥散实验研究

以水动力弥散理论为基础,在中国石油宁夏石化分公司炼油厂和废渣场各采取5组潜水含水层细砂岩心样,采用NaCl做示踪剂,进行室内一维沙柱弥散实验,以半无限含水层中污染物迁移模型的解析解计算了弥散度,并探讨了室内一维沙柱实验测定含水层弥散参数的误差来源,为地下水水质模型的建立提供基础。研究表明:炼油厂潜水含水层弥散度与废渣场潜水含水层弥散度基本接近。模型误差是对室内一维沙柱实验确定弥散参数产生影响最大的一类误差。目前,需加强银川平原大尺度含水层弥散特征的研究。     

饱和条件下田间土壤纵向及横向弥散系数的试验和计算

本文初步研究了野外条件下求田间土壤纵向及横向弥散系数的方法,并提出了一种试验装置.此装置结构简单,弥散试验可与入渗试验同时进行.针对横向弥散试验模型,本文给出了一种特殊的Euler-Lagrange有限元法模拟计算溶质运动规律,此有限元法可以消除数值弥散和数值跳动现象.利用实测资料,分别计算了田间土壤的纵向弥散和横向弥散系数及吸附参数.     

用改进的特征有限元法确定抽水（注水）时的弥散参数

弥散参数是计算地下水中溶质运移和污染预测时的重要参数。本文提出用Hermitian插值的特征有限元法计算含水层的弥散度和阻滞系数。砂槽试验表明,数值计算的结果和实际观测值以及解析解相当一致,有高的精确度。用本文提出的数值计算方法,可消除大部分的数值弥散和数值振荡,可实际应用于由于抽水或注水造成的辐射流的弥散试验中的求弥散参数问题。也可推广应用于其他的溶质运移问题的数值计算中。     

分层监测孔现场分级联合试验确定含水层参数

以华北平原中部咸淡水过渡带的多层含水系统(第Ⅰ含水组底部至第Ⅱ含水组顶部的含水系统)为研究对象,建立了地下水位-水质分层监测系统。通过在多层含水系统开展分层分级抽水试验、微水试验以及分层示踪试验等现场综合试验,借助解析法和数值模拟识别法等多种手段确定各分层水文地质参数。求参结果表明:Ⅰ含底部含水层渗透系数为4.320～7.550m/d,储水系数为4.53×10-4～2.19×10-3;弱透水层渗透系数为2.20×10-3～7.65×10-3 m/d,纵向弥散系数为0.023～0.428m2/d,纵向弥散度为0.010～0.051m;第Ⅱ含水层顶部含水层渗透系数为0.142～0.929m/d,储水系数为4.53×10-4～2.19×10-3。     

考虑弥散尺度效应与不动水体的反应性溶质运移动力学模型及半解析解

将弥散度概化为运移距离的渐进函数,并考虑土壤孔隙中存在的不动水体以及溶质的吸附和降解,建立了考虑弥散尺度效应的溶质运移两区模型(TRMS,Two-Region Model with Scale-dependent Dispersion),通过Laplace变换和de Hoog数值反演方法求得了模型的半解析解,并运用混合拉普拉斯变换有限差分法验证了半解析解的准确性。通过TRMS与弥散度为常数的两区模型(TRMC,Two-Region Model with Constant Dispersion)之间的比较,分析了弥散尺度效应对溶质运移过程的影响,并利用算术平均方法计算了TRMS的等效弥散度,最后应用TRMS和TRMC模拟了长度为1250cm的一维非均质土柱中的溶质运移过程。结果表明:TRMS的等效弥散度反映了弥散尺度效应的影响,可以近似作为区域弥散度的平均值,采用等效弥散度时,TRMC描述的穿透曲线与TRMS的模拟结果基本一致;TRMC的模拟结果与非均质长土柱的浓度实测值存在较大偏差,而TRMS的模拟精度有了较大程度的提高,能够更好地模拟非均质长土柱中溶质的不规则运移过程,说明本文建立的TRMS能够较好地模拟非均质介质中溶质在较大尺度上的运移过程。     

宽级配泥沙分形特性及其输移规律试验研究

为了探寻宽级配泥沙粒度分形特性及其输移规律,通过水槽冲刷试验,分析了床沙和推移质的分形特征,并对不同床沙、不同流速条件下的泥沙粒度分维值进行了定量的计算和对比。结果表明:不论床沙还是推移质的级配都具有良好的统计自相似性,具有分形特征;级配是否连续对于粒度分维值的变化存在显著影响,床沙粗化后粒度分维值变小,且随着冲刷流速的增大,非连续级配时粒度分维值逐渐变小,而连续级配时粒度分维值逐渐变大。推移质粒度分维值与其所对应的中值粒径存在显著的负相关性。     

基于DEM的沟谷分形分维研究

线性地物常用的分维计算方法有量规法和网格法.为适应水文分析的需要,提出了一种类似量规法的新方法来计算河网的分维,即基于水文分析基本原理和DEN数据,首先通过取不同的汇流阑值(标度)得到不同的沟谷长度,然后分析不同汇流阈值与相应沟谷长度的关系来计算河网的分雏.在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS9.2环境下,以四川省汶川县为例进行了分析,结果表明:沟谷标度(汇流值)与长度对数关系显著,即沟谷空间分形结构特征客观存在,汶川县沟谷分维值为1.489.沟谷水系分形机制,沟谷分维与空间尺度、河网密度、制图综合的关系,各种分维计算方法、不同标度设定方法的异同和内在联系等,均需要继续深入研究.     

Influence of correlation scale errors on aquifer hydraulic conductivity inversion precision

In order to investigate the influence of correlation scale error on the inversion precision of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, the successive linear estimator (SLE) was used to invert the hydraulic conductivity field of a heterogeneous aquifer based on synthetic experiments. By increasing the numbers of observation wells and pumping tests, we analyzed the difference between the estimated and true values of hydraulic conductivity with different correlation scale errors. The relationships between the observation well number and the error in inversion results, and between the pumping test number and the error in inversion results were investigated. The results show that, if the amount of observed head data is insufficient, there will be errors in inversion results with changing correlation scale. Due to the existence of correlation scale error, the improvement of inversion precision gradually slows down with the increase of the amount of observed head data, which indicates that too much observed head data causes data redundancy. Therefore, for the synthetic experiments described in this paper, the observation well number should be less than 41, the pumping test number should be less than 17, and a more suitable method should be selected according to the precision requirements of specific situations in practical engineering.     

A Stochastic Optimization Approach in the Design of an Aquifer Remediation under Hydrogeologic Uncertainty

A stochastic optimization approach is presented for the remediation design of a contaminated aquifer with limited hydrogeologic information. Stochastic simulation using the Monte Carlo technique, produces a series of equally probable realisations of the spatially varying random hydraulic conductivity field. The stochastic flow and transport simulation model is coupled, using the response matrix approach, with a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The whole process is integrated into an algorithm which is effectively applied in the case study of the Kalamaria aquifer, Chalkidiki, Greece. The stochastic optimization procedure is followed by a reliability analysis, giving useful information to the decision makers concerning the effectiveness of the optimal results.     

The effect of the scale of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands on flow and transport parameters.

Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands have proven their efficiency in treating wastewater and removing the pollutants of concern. Treatment efficiency depends on the wastewater residence time, which is a function of the hydraulic loading and the physical conditions of the constructed filter system, which can be described with effective parameters such as: hydraulic conductivity, porosity, dispersivity etc. Because spatial variability is often scale dependent, these effective parameters may be affected by the scale of the system being studied. In this paper the results of tracer experiments in constructed filters using saturated horizontal flow at three scales (small and medium lab scales and full-scale system) using the same filter media is reported. Light-weight aggregate (filter media termed Filtralite-P) was used at all scales. Increasing the scale was associated with increasing dispersivity, meanwhile hydraulic conductivity experienced dramatic reduction and variation by increasing the examined scale. Observed changes in the hydraulic parameters indicate that heterogeneity at different scales should be taken into account when the performance of LWA filters are evaluated from small-scale experiments.     

自步学习在确定含水层参数中的应用

通过分析受到误差影响的抽水试验数据进行含水层估计,为含水层参数估计提供方法支持。以机器学习领域的自步学习方法为基础,构造了基于差分进化算法优化的自步学习方法,并将其应用到含水层参数确定中;在不同误差水平下,与其他方法进行对比试验。结果表明,在不同误差水平下,估计参数值与传统估计值之间以及仿真数据与原始数据之间均保持较小差异;基于抽水试验数据估计含水层参数的自步学习方法估计结果有效可靠,算法对误差的稳定容错性强。     

特大型变坡土壤槽纵向垂向弥散系数试验研究

本文借助于特大型变坡土壤槽物理模型装置，试验研究了污染物在饱和土壤中水平运移规律，得到了连续输污条件下，饱和土壤中污染物浓度二维时空变化的过程，在分析实测资料的基础上，运用数学模型解 优化技术率定模型参数，得到了具有重要应用价值的纵向、垂向弥散系数。     

基于能量损失率最小原理求解稳定渗流场渗透系数

在基坑降水设计中，渗透系数的确定直接影响到降水方案的准确性、合理性以及可靠性，目前工程上通常采用现场抽水试验确定渗透系数，增加了时间成本以及工程造价，为此提出了一种计算稳定渗流场渗透系数的有限单元方法。该方法无需进行现场抽水试验，并考虑了水跃现象的影响，基于能量损失率最小原理计算潜水含水层的渗透系数。采用该方法计算了两个工程案例，求得了两个案例渗流区域的渗透系数，并与实测值进行对比，结果表明本文方法具有较高精度，对渗流场的分析与降水工程的设计有指导意义。     

Multi-objective stochastic groundwater management of nonuniform,homogeneous aquifers

Like any other resources planning and management, groundwater management is performed in a stochastic environment in which the system itself involves a number of random elements. Consequences as a result of decisions made based on analyses are not certain. This paper presents a management model using the chance-constrained framework which explicitly considers the random nature of aquifer properties. The model enables the derivation of an optimal groundwater management policy that would satisfy required operation performance reliability. Furthermore, the chance-constrained model is extended to the multi-objective optimization framework in which a tradeoff between total water supply pumpage and system performance reliability is explicitly considered. The models are applied to a hypothetical example of a steady, nonuniform, homogeneous confined aquifer.     

基于流固耦合的坝基中弱透水层对渗流的影响分析

深厚覆盖层坝基中存在弱透水层时,弱透水层往往既是隔水层又是软弱夹层,是利用其作为渗流控制依托层,还是不考虑其防渗作用,关系到防渗工程的成本、进度等。流固耦合能较真实反映出弱透水层对坝基渗流场和应力场的影响,该文以比奥固结理论为基础,结合土体非线性流变理论,将土体本构关系推广到黏弹塑性,同时考虑土体力学参数及水力参数的动态变化关系,借助ADINA进行双场耦合求解,分析上江坝深厚覆盖层坝基中弱透水层对土石坝渗流场、应力场和自身应力应变的影响。研究表明:半封闭式防渗墙和弱透水层可形成坝基内部的联合防渗体系,能达到显著的渗流控制效果,大坝渗流量、坝基出逸坡降和弱透水层自身应力应变均小于其允许值,能保证大坝的安全稳定运行。但同时防渗墙和弱透水层承受的应力应变会相对增加,需要采取合理的工程措施给予辅助。实例中防渗墙深度相比封闭式防渗墙减小近60 m,若方案能给与采用,可大大减少工程造价。因此,坝基内部若存在弱透水层应该给与足够的重视,科学论证后若能加以利用,能做到事半功倍。