边坡降雨入渗与坡面径流影响因素敏感性分析

影响边坡降雨入渗的因素很多,如雨强、土体渗透性、土体初始含水率、坡度、坡面糙率等。以非饱和降雨入渗与坡面径流有限元耦合模型为计算方法,应用正交试验设计数值试验,从坡面产流时间tp、坡脚径流水深h、坡体入渗量Q和入渗量与降雨量之比C的角度,对上述五种影响因素进行敏感性分析。结果表明,影响tp的主要因素是雨强、土体渗透性;影响h的主要因素依次是雨强、坡面糙率、土体渗透性;对Q影响较大的因素依次是土体渗透性、雨强、初始含水率;对C有较大影响的依次是土体渗透性、雨强、初始体积含水率。     

红砂岩侵蚀区典型水土流失治理模式减流减沙效应

阐明小区尺度下不同水土流失治理模式的减流减沙效应,可为大尺度上的水土流失治理提供科学依据。以红砂岩侵蚀劣地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区长期定位试验的方法,分析自然降雨下典型水土流失治理模式的减流减沙效应及其对降雨要素、降雨雨型的响应规律。结果表明:试验观测期间,裸露地表径流系数为0. 66,土壤侵蚀量为0. 07 t/hm2,生态或经济开发治理后减流减沙效应均能达90%以上。地表裸露坡面产流产沙受降雨量、雨强影响显著,生态恢复模式降低了降雨要素对坡面产流产沙过程的影响,经济开发模式受降雨量影响显著。大雨强、短历时的降雨雨型是坡面产流产沙的主要雨型,对裸露坡面产流产沙的贡献将近50%,生态或经济开发治理后该雨型对产流产沙的贡献明显提高,增幅以经济开发模式大于生态恢复模式。因此,生态恢复和经济开发均是治理红砂岩水土流失的有效途径,应将生态恢复和经济开发治理相结合,使水土流失治理模式不仅具有水土保持功能,同时提升生态服务价值,促进当地的经济发展。     

Effectiveness of Rainwater Harvesting in Runoff Volume Reduction in a Planned Industrial Park,China

It is urgent to effectively mitigate flood disasters in humid mountainous areas in southeastern China for the increasing flood risk under urbanization and industrialization. In this study, a rural district with an area of 13.39 km² that planning to build an industrial park covering an area of 7.98 km² in Changting was selected to estimate the potential of collectable rainwater and the extent to which runoff volume can potentially be mitigated by rainwater harvesting. In addition, the optimum cistern capacity of a rainwater harvesting system in the planned industrial park was evaluated using daily water balance simulation and cost-efficiency analysis. The results showed that rainwater harvesting in the planned industrial park has great potential. The annually collectable rainwater is approximately 9.8?×?10⁶ m³ and the optimum cistern capacity is determined to be 0.9?×?10⁶ m³. With the optimum cistern capacity, the annual rainwater usage rate is 0.99, showing neither financial savings nor deficits. Rainwater harvesting can reduce 100 % of runoff volume in the cases of critical rainfall storm (50 mm) and annual average maximum daily rainfall (111.2 mm), and 58 % of runoff volume in the case of maximum daily rainfall (233.6 mm), respectively. All surface runoff can be collected and stored in the cisterns when rainfall amount is less than 135.5 mm in a rainstorm event.     

考虑倾角的土质边坡Green-Ampt改进入渗模型

针对传统Green-Ampt入渗模型忽略坡角和土体非饱和区对边坡降雨入渗的影响这一情况,利用倾角对土体入渗势能梯度进行修正,并将入渗时边坡土体按含水率划分为饱和层、过渡层和未湿润层,建立考虑倾角的土质边坡分层假定入渗模型,推导边坡降雨入渗深度与降雨历时的关系,并通过入渗实例将新模型与传统模型进行比较。研究结果表明:分层假定模型预测的坡面产流时间及湿润锋深度与降雨历时的关系较传统Green-Ampt入渗模型（简称为GA模型）更接近实测值;自由入渗阶段,分层假定模型的湿润锋扩展深度与GA模型一致,但入渗速率低于GA模型;积水入渗阶段,分层假定模型的湿润锋扩展深度及入渗速率均大于GA模型,湿润锋扩展深度的差值随着降雨历时的增大逐渐增大,而入渗速率差值的变化呈相反趋势。根据新模型,分析了倾角和雨强对边坡降雨入渗的影响,发现随着边坡倾角的增大或雨强的减小,雨水入渗到坡体内相同深度所需的降雨历时增加,这种现象在倾角大于60°或雨强小于20 mm/h时尤为明显。     

山地城市屋面雨水可利用量分析——以重庆市沙坪坝某片区为例

为定量评估山地城市屋面雨水可利用量,以重庆市沙坪坝某片区为例,分析了重庆市的降雨特征,利用改进的径流系数法定量评估了代表年屋面雨水可利用量,并分析了降雨特征对可利用量的影响;运用设计降雨量和设计暴雨强度两个指标相结合的方法确定了蓄水池规模,使其满足径流控制率和防洪减涝的要求。研究表明:在代表年降雨量为1 198.9、1 104.4和962.7 mm时,研究区域屋面雨水可利用量分别为267 951.8、247 421.3和198 917.9 m~3,雨水利用潜力较大,降雨量对可利用量的影响较大,而降雨强度对其影响很小;研究区域蓄水池总规模为9 312 m~3,屋面径流控制率达到86.4%,为山地城市雨水利用系统中蓄水池的规模设计提供了参考依据。     

Modeling the Infiltration Capacity of Permeable Stormwater Channels with a Check Dam System

The use of permeable stormwater channels has introduced concerns over the effects of infiltration on the hydraulic behavior of their flow and the effects of flow hydraulic conditions (e.g., the water level, channel section, flow velocity, and vegetation) on the channel infiltration capacity. A check dam system provides backwater ponding, which increases the flow water depth along a channel. In this study, a channel model was used to investigate the variation in the infiltration capacity of permeable stormwater channels under different flow hydraulic conditions. Increasing the downstream check dam height and using a grass cover increased the infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration because of the decreased velocity and increased flow depth. The presence of subsurface water did not affect the hydraulic characteristics of the channel flow but decreased the cumulative infiltration because of the fast saturation of the soil. An empirical equation was developed for predicting the infiltration capacity of grassed channels in which four hydraulic parameters (i.e., the water depth, base width, side slope, and velocity) are introduced to the modified Kostiakov model. The developed model was used to calculate the runoff reduction due to infiltration along a grassed channel with and without a check dam system. The percentage of infiltrated water increased from 8 to 14% with the check dam system. The developed model can be used to predict the infiltration capacity of permeable channels for improved stormwater management and provides a valuable decision support tool for permeable channel design.

     

基于降雨入渗全过程的非饱和湿润峰模型

对降雨入渗过程进行研究有助于充分发挥土壤的蓄水能力,减缓城市管网的泄洪压力。为更真实地反映入渗过程中土壤的含水率分布情况,将降雨入渗过程进行分段,确定各阶段土壤含水率分布函数,提出了修正的非饱和湿润峰模型。同时,结合达西定律,引入土体非饱和参数,得到均匀土体在不同降雨强度下,土壤含水率、浸润深度和累计入渗量随时间变化的曲线。结果显示,入渗过程中土壤表层含水率和浸润深度随时间呈非线性变化。对于高强度降雨,当表层土壤饱和后,开始出现积水。累计入渗量最终取决于土壤的饱和渗透性质,降雨强度对其影响有限。分别将4种土质土体的计算结果与有限元法得到的结果进行对比,两者相对偏差均小于5%。     

三峡库区小流域降雨入渗和产流产沙特征试验研究

三峡库区暴雨集中,历时短,强度大,是造成土壤侵蚀的重要因素。为开展对三峡库区小流域降雨入渗和产流产沙特征研究,通过建立三峡库区小流域微缩模型,分别实施降雨强度为60,90,120 mm/h的3场人工模拟降雨,对小流域模型降雨入渗规律和径流侵蚀过程进行了分析。研究结果表明:径流量均随降雨强度的增加而增加,而降雨强度增加入渗的作用仅在一定范围内是有效的;随着降雨的进行,产流强度和入渗率都趋于稳定状态,入渗率服从对数函数规律,产流强度呈幂函数变化;3场降雨中累计产沙量和累计径流量的关系均满足幂函数形式,含沙量和侵蚀量之间呈较好的线性关系。该研究成果可为这一区域的水土流失防治提供重要的科学依据。     

考虑降雨入渗条件的植被边坡稳定性评价

为了研究降雨对植被边坡稳定性的影响,利用改进的Green-Ampt模型,在考虑植被水力作用和饱和区径流基础上,推导出了降雨入渗条件下植被边坡的湿润锋深度计算公式,并采用极限平衡法计算出了植被边坡不同潜在滑动面上的抗滑稳定安全系数,对多层非饱和土植被边坡稳定性进行分析评价。结果表明:考虑植被水力影响和饱和区径流的多层非饱和土植被边坡的入渗模型,更加实用,可更加准确地对降雨作用下植被边坡进行稳定性评价;湿润锋深度随着降雨的持续时间增加而增大,浸润锋经过土层交界处时出现突变现象,根系粉质砂土层的湿润锋深度增幅小于粉质砂土层的湿润锋深度增幅的1.5%~11.8%;4个潜在滑动面处的抗滑稳定安全系数在降雨早期随着降雨持续时间的增加而逐渐减小;粉质砂根土复合层的抗滑稳定安全系数比粉质砂土层的抗滑稳定安全系数提高了12.3%~35.5%;根土层与土层交界面处不易发生失稳破坏,而土层与土层交界面处的抗滑稳定安全系数会出现急剧变化,易发生失稳破坏。