马尔可夫动态规划及其应用研究

水库多目标优化调度受多因素影响，如水库来水，水库特性，用水特性（工业，生活和灌溉）以及电站的机电特性等。其中径流的影响较大，对其描述的准确度将直接影响水库优化调度的效益。在沐浴水库优势调度过程中，对马尔可夫单链弹性相关及动态规划理论及其应用进行了研究，由马尔可夫单链弹性相关理论求得相应的条件概率流量，将供水流量作为决策条件，以工业，生活，灌溉和发电用水及3个保证率为效益函数，以净效益最大为目标函数，建立了相应的数学模型，并编制了计算程序，绘出了水库优化调度三维空间面图，在实用大大加强了调度面的灵活性和针对性，经实践证明，方法可靠且效益显著。     

跨流域引水后受水水库引水与供水联合调度研究

针对跨流域引水工程中受水水库引水与供水联合调度问题，建立了供水量最大与引水效率最高的多目标联合调度模型，并将其分解成两个单目标调度模型，应用长系列模拟优化的方法， 求解受水水库引水与供水联合调度图及其调度规则。以大伙房水库输水应急入连工程规划为基础，采用本文建立的模型方法对其受水水库碧流河水库进行实例研究，先后求解引水后水库最大可供水量以及如何高效引水的问题。结果表明，进行联合优化调度后，可提高跨流域引水的有效性，从而增加受水水库的综合效益。     

PA-DDS算法在水库多目标优化调度中的应用

Pareto存档动态维度搜索（Pareto-Archived Dynamically Dimensioned Search,PA-DDS）算法是一种求解多目标问题的随机搜索启发式算法。本文将PA-DDS算法引入考虑供水和发电的多目标优化模型优化水库调度图,与非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-II）和多目标粒子群算法（MOPSO）对比了收敛性,并在求得非劣解分布的均匀性和与理论Pareto前端的相似性方面与NSGA-II进行比较,分析该算法求解水库多目标调度问题的优化性能,对比分析不同目标下的优化调度图。结果表明：PA-DDS算法能够得到更高质量的非劣解集,优化调度图与原设计调度图相比,能更有效协调供水和发电的矛盾,在小幅降低（0.96%）发电量的前提下显著提高（8.07%）水库供水量,平均每年增加经济效益0.55亿元。     

水库供水发电多目标优化调度模型及应用研究

提出了一种研究确定水库最优供水量的多目标水库优化调度数学模型,此模型以供水量最大和发电量最大为目标函数,考虑水量平衡、防洪、发电、航运及水库综合利用要求约束条件.提出一种交互式的求解方法对模型进行解算,此方法首先采用约束法,通过松驰供水量最大目标将多目标模型转换成多个单目标模型,在单目标模型中引入2个参数,用于调整模型的计算结果.对单目标模型,采用动态规划法求解,求得多目标模型的不劣解集.提出一个用于选择多目标最优解的决策偏好系数,对多目标模型的不劣解集进行对比分析,从而确定多目标模型的最优解.应用所提出的方法研究了广东省白盆珠水库的调度方案,提出了白盆珠水库的最优供水方案.     

跨流域引水期间受水水库引水与供水联合调度研究

针对跨流域引水工程中受水水库引水与供水联合调度问题,建立了供水量最大与引水效率最高的多目标联合调度模型,并将其分解成两个单目标调度模型,应用长系列模拟优化的方法,求解受水水库引水与供水联合调度图及其调度规则。以大伙房水库输水应急入连工程规划为基础,采用本文建立的模型方法对其受水水库碧流河水库进行实例研究,先后求解引水期间水库最大可供水量以及如何高效引水的问题。结果表明,进行联合优化调度后,可提高跨流域引水的有效性,从而增加受水水库的综合效益。     

PA-DDS算法在水库多目标优化调度中的应用

Pareto存档动态维度搜索(Pareto-Archived Dynamically Dimensioned Search,PA-DDS)算法是一种求解多目标问题的随机搜索启发式算法。本文将PA-DDS算法引入考虑供水和发电的多目标优化模型优化水库调度图,与非支配排序遗传算法(Non-dominaled Sorting Genetic AlgorithmⅡ,NSGA-II)和多目标粒子群算法(Multi-Objectives Particlce Swarm Optimization,MOPSO)对比了收敛性,并在求得非劣解分布的均匀性和与理论Pareto前端的相似性方面与NSGA-II进行比较,分析该算法求解水库多目标调度问题的优化性能,对比分析不同目标下的优化调度图。结果表明:PA-DDS算法能够得到更高质量的非劣解集,优化调度图与原设计调度图相比,能更有效协调供水和发电的矛盾,在小幅降低(0.96%)发电量的前提下显著提高(8.07%)水库供水量,平均每年增加经济效益0.55亿元。     

综合利用水库优化调度

综合利用水库涉及防洪、发电、灌溉和航运等多个水资源管理利用部门,实现水库优化调度较为复杂。目前国内对单一发电水库的优化调度研究较多,方法也较成熟,而对综合利用水库的优化调度研究甚少。本文在单目标发电水库优化调度的基础上,对综合利用水库优化调度进行了有益的探索,并有所创新,在丹江口综合利用水库优化调度研究中,取得了较为满意的效果。     

基于决策因子选择的梯级水库多目标优化调度规则研究

运用极端随机森林挖掘水库调度信息,考虑各水库相关因子与决策目标的相互关系,提出了梯级水库输入数据选择(Cascade-reservoir Input-variables Selection,CIS)方法,引入Gaussian径向基函数建立水库调度规则,并采用PA-DDS多目标算法对水库调度规则参数进行优化,得到了同时考虑供水和发电的多目标优化调度规则集。汉江上游梯级水库的应用结果表明:CIS方法能优选得到较为稳定的决策因子,且能在充分利用已有优选信息的同时避免决策因子选取上的重复和冗余;经梯级多目标优化调度,优选的决策因子能得到比传统决策因子结果分布更优的非劣解集,在以发电为主要目标进行优化调度时,能有效调整汛期和非汛期的水量利用方式,梯级水库年均发电量和供水量分别提高了0.33%和7.84%。     

多目标综合利用水库优化调度模式研究

本文提出了综合利用水库的多目标优化调度的模式,并将该模式应用于综合利用水库优化调度过程中,以水库现有水雨情为分析基础,根据科学预报的结果,提前通过电站小流量、长时间预泄,腾空部分库容,迎接未来可能发生的一定频率降雨,避免或减少因溢洪道泄洪弃水所造成的水资源浪费。并以莒县青峰岭、小仕阳、峤山三座大中型水库在2009年7月15日的一次降雨为例,介绍了水库在汛期多目标综合利用优化调度中的经验与做法。     

模糊优选ANN在水库调度方案优选中的应用

综合利用水库洪水调度决策是一个复杂决策过程。由于其精确优化解很难找到，因此从可行方案集中找出最优方案已成为当今研究的主要问题。在分析综合利用水库洪水调度特点及现有水库调度方法存在的问题的基础上，将模糊优选理论与ANN模型应用到调度方案优选当中。给出生成模糊优选ANN模型训练样本和方案优选的方法，并将其应用到辽宁省大伙房水库洪水调度方案优选之中。应用结果表明该方法简单、可行。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比 α₀（初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值）分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比 α₀对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随 α₀ 变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。