波浪边界层中细颗粒粘性泥沙的再悬浮和扩散输移

本文用多尺度摄动方法从理论上推导了波浪边界中细颗粒粘性泥沙的再悬浮和扩散输移的规律，并用几个算例细致地分析了波浪对细颗粒经沙再悬浮和扩散输移的作用。指出：在近 岸及湖泊地位、波浪不仅是细颗粒粘性泥沙再悬浮的主要动力，而且其引起的泥沙扩散输称我工和风生流相当。     

潮滩围垦对近海潮流及污染物输移的影响研究

为研究潮滩围垦对潮流和污染物输移的影响,基于二维嵌套的水动力水质模型,以通州湾为例分别模拟了不同潮滩围垦工程前后的潮流场及污染物浓度场,并用实测资料对模型进行验证,据此分析潮滩围垦作用下的流速变化和以COD为污染指标的物质输运特征。研究结果表明:通州湾围垦工程具有一定的阻水作用,且在围垦一、围垦二的堤头出现了局部挑流现象,其余海域的流速流向基本没有变化;潮滩围垦阻碍了通州湾南侧海域高浓度污染物的输移扩散,改变了该海域的污染物浓度场,且随着围垦范围的扩大,局部污染物浓度有所增加。综上所述,潮滩围垦改变了潮滩地形、水动力环境特征和污染物输移扩散能力,进而影响到潮滩的水文状况和水质环境。     

温排水变态模型的水平扩散相似问题

温排水变态模型扩散系数与模型变率之间存在着密切联系,了解、明确温排水变态模型的扩散相似影响,对温排水试验模型设计、几何变态率选择以及提高模型模拟精度具有重要意义。本文总结分析了前人关于污染物水平扩散系数计算方法以及扩散相似问题等相关研究成果,据此提出了宽浅型水域污染物水平扩散系数通用计算模式。在此基础上,基于可控温、湿度条件下温排水输移扩散水槽试验与数学模型反演计算分析相结合的方法,开展了散热相似条件下不同变态率模型温排水输移扩散影响对比研究,对不同变率条件下流场、温度场主要特征参数及水平扩散项参数取值进行了深入的分析,提出了宽浅型水域变态模型水平扩散系数与模型变率间的计算关系式。经原型实测资料验证,该关系式在宽浅水域具有良好的适宜性,可用于温排水及其它污染物输移扩散变态模型与原型间水平扩散系数的转换计算。研究结果为今后宽浅型水域中温排水或其他污染物输移扩散数模计算、物理模型试验参数选择奠定了良好的基础。     

扩散作用对静水湖泊水质浓度空间分布的影响

根据水域开阔的中小型浅水湖泊的水动力特征,建立了加入扩散项的湖泊移流模式,分析了污染物对流输移、降解作用、扩散作用对污染物浓度空间分布的影响。研究发现:在静风条件下,对流输移、降解作用是湖泊水质浓度空间分布的主要影响因素,扩散作用对湖泊水质浓度空间分布的影响居次要地位。但当排污流量较小且污染物浓度较高时,扩散作用对预测结果有一定的影响。在进行湖泊水质空间分布精确预测时,应综合考虑对流输移、降解及扩散作用等因素的综合影响。     

波浪作用下污染物的混合和离散

本文建立了基于Sigma坐标的对流扩散数学模型，提出了通过数值模拟结果计算波浪场中纵向离散系数的方法，并通过数值模拟对波浪作用下污染物的混合和离散进行了研究。文中研究了水质点垂向振动和波浪参数对混合过程和纵向离散系数的影响；非各向同性扩散系数对纵向离散系数的影响；以及扩散系数的垂向分布对纵向离散系数的影响。研究结果表明，水质点的垂向速度对纵向离散系数有显著影响；若按波浪场中常用的湍流模型确定湍动扩散系数的分布规律，扩散系数的垂向分布对纵向离散系数的影响并不明显。     

分层水库污染物输移影响因素分析(I)-入库条件影响分析

在分层水库密度流流动典型过程分析的基础上,引入进口密度弗汝德数表征水库入库条件,采用三维非线性RNG浮力流模型对分层水库污染物输移的典型过程进行模拟,分析了入库条件对污染物输移的影响,探讨了入库条件对污染物在不同密度流流动区域射流区、交换区、潜流区的输移扩散规律,从而为水库水质、水生环境管理与调度、水库应急预警方案的制定提供参考.     

中山河口近岸海域混合区敏感点访问几率研究

以黄海中山河口近岸海域水动力、污染物输移扩散规律及污染物排放量对附近海域影响为主要研究内容。建立二维水流、水质模型,利用有限体积法离散方程并对中山河口近岸海域的水动力状况及污染物输移扩散规律进行数值模拟;选用COD为主要的污染物指标,模拟计算污染物混合区,然后确定混合区内相对不利的3个敏感点,应用统计学原理,统计混合区近岸边缘污染物访问几率。     

河道植物对污染物输移扩散规律的影响

河道植物在污染物处理过程中发挥着重要作用,研究河道植物对污染物输移扩散规律的影响具有重要意义。基于污染物扩散计算的改进单站法,分析河道植物参数对污染物离散系数的影响。研究表明,植被直径、植被阻力系数和雷诺数不对污染物离散系数产生显著影响,单一因素不对污染物离散系数产生决定性作用。为了提升计算结果的精确性以及合理性,需要进一步研究因素耦合对染物离散系数的影响。     

双圆柱下游污染物浓度分布特性研究

利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,在雷诺数Re=1×10~6的条件下,对双圆柱不同布置方式下的污染物绕流现象进行了数值模拟,比较了双圆柱在不同排列方式和间距条件下对流场结构以及污染物输移混合特性的影响,分析了横向尾涡摆动和纵向速度剪切作用对污染物分布的影响机制。结果表明,双柱并列条件下,随着间距比G/D的不断变化,污染物浓度脉动强度分布沿程表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;G/D≥2时,双圆柱各自产生的尾流涡街相互作用程度较弱,可忽略对其污染物扩散的影响。双柱串列条件下,污染物的横向影响范围经历了先增大后减小的过程;G/D≤0.25时,双柱串列可视为一个整体。     

西江中游红水河段突发水质污染物输移传播特性初探

采用西江中游河网及梯级水库水动力模型及污染物输移扩散数学模型,初步探讨了2014年枯季水文条件下,西江中游主干河道红水河某位置发生突发性水质污染后的污水团输移扩散特性。结果显示,污水团在向下游输移扩散的过程中,其影响范围变化分为2个阶段:第一阶段为随流剪切扩散阶段,影响范围逐步增大;第二阶段为当污染物稀释扩散到一定程度后,内部浓度分布较为均匀,此时由于进一步稀释作用导致其影响范围逐渐减小直至最后消失阶段。通过对红水河大化电站至百龙滩电站之间的某断面发生突发性水质污染事故后的模拟计算显示,最大影响范围出现在11 d后的大湟江站的上下游河段,最大影响距离为52 km,污水团最终在大湟江口至长洲枢纽间的浔江河段逐渐稀释至设定影响浓度值以下。枯季由于流量小、流速慢,若不采取对应措施,污水团输移稀释速度相当缓慢,将对取水和水生态环境造成严重影响。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比α0(初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值)分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比α0对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随α0变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。