对流域综合管理和水资源综合管理概念的探讨

流域综合管理是系统解决流域性问题的重要手段．但是目前国内外对流域综合管理的概念和内涵尚未达成共识。流域综合管理和水资源综合管理是两个容易让人混淆的概念,通过这两个术语的提出背景和国内外学者对其认识的分析,可以得出它们之间既有区别,又有联系,都为解决流域问题提供了有效的方法和手段。当前,应结合我国流域实际,探索适合我国国情的流域综合管理模式,推进我国流域综合管理的进程,促进流域的可持续发展。     

Regulation reform process and perception in the Palestinian water sector

ABSTRACT

The study analyzes the regulation reform process of the Palestinian urban water sector. It introduces the holistic reform agenda and examines the water supply sector’s performance and regulation challenges. The study also evaluates the perception of water service providers regarding the regulation reforms. Collected evidence indicates a dominant interpretation of the regulation concept based on rules and legislation, coupled with a neglect of aspects like monitoring, economic regulation and managerial accountability. The lack of awareness of the benefits of these aspects for service providers can increase resistance to reform and reduce willingness to participate in implementing comprehensive sector regulation.     

Identification of Major Sources of Uncertainty in Current IWRM Practice. Illustrated for the Rhine Basin

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) can be viewed as a complex process in which the effect of adopted water management measures must be monitored and adjusted in an iterative way as new information and technology gradually become available under changing and uncertain external impacts, such as climate change. This paper identifies and characterises uncertainty as it occurs in the different stages of the IWRM process with respect to sources, nature and type of uncertainty. The present study develops a common terminology that honour the most important aspects from natural and social sciences and its application to the entire IWRM process. The proposed framework is useful by acknowledging a broad range of uncertainties regarding data, models, multiple frames and context. Relating this framework to the different steps of the IWRM cycle is helpful to determine the strategies to better handle and manage uncertainties. Finally, this general framework is illustrated for a case study in the transboundary Rhine river basin.     

浅析太湖流域水问题及对策

随着流域社会经济的发展，太湖流域的水问题日益突出，主要是防洪标准的提高跟不上社会经济的刀菜，水污染造成的水质型缺水日趋严重、水资源管理无序。解决问题的对策是进一步完善防洪除涝设备、实施水资源统一管理和建立新型的流域管理体制，并建立太湖流域水调度管理中心，实现太湖流域水利现代化，使太湖流域水利与流域经济、社会、环境协调发展。     

欧盟流域管理规划试点项目

丹麦的欧登塞河流域是欧洲14个流域之一,也是实施欧盟《水框架指令》流域管理规划的试点。作为共同实施战略的一部分,通过测试一系列技术指导文件,以确保形成统一的流域管理规划模式。项目成果包括3个部分,即流域特性报告、典型河流流域管理计划和用于公众咨询的简易报告。通过欧登塞河流域试点项目的实施,欧盟各成员国的水管理机构及欧盟委员会获得了流域管理的知识和经验,同时可为中国未来的流域管理规划提供有益的借鉴。     

调整水资源费征收标准促进引黄入晋工程太原供水区水资源优化配置

万家寨引黄一期工程已具备向太原供水区供水3.2亿m3的能力。但由于太原供水区水资源尚未达到优化配置,一方面工程能力大量闲置,另一方面仍大量超采地下水,造成环境破坏。文中提出进一步调整地下水水资源费征收标准,利用经济杠杆促进引黄入晋工程太原供水区水资源优化配置。     

Escherichia coli (E. coli) distribution in the Lake Malawi nearshore zone

Residents along the shoreline of Lake Malawi depend on nearshore water for drinking, cooking, and bathing. Despite the importance of clean nearshore waters to public health, we are aware of no published studies of shoreline water quality in the lake. To address this gap, we explore seasonal and temporal trends of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) in nearshore water and sand. E. coli concentrations in sand ranged from 0 to 17,600 colony forming units (CFU)/100?ml, and in water concentrations ranged from 0 to 21,200?CFU/100?ml. Fifty-three percent of water samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Recreational Water Quality Criteria of 126?CFU/100?ml, and 90% exceeded the World Health Organization drinking water standard of 0?CFU/100?ml. Distance from shore was the variable most predictive of E. coli concentration, with the level of beach use also playing a significant role. At 15?m from the shore, E. coli concentrations dropped to between 0.3% and 17% of shoreline values. Results suggest that the collection of water at distances >15?m from the beach could substantially decrease exposure to fecal bacteria. Further studies are needed to identify sources of fecal pollution and to determine the utility of E. coli as a predictor of the potential for waterborne disease.     

WEAP21—A Demand-, Priority-, and Preference-Driven Water Planning Model

Abstract

The Water Evaluation and Planning Version 21 (WEAP21) Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) model seamlessly integrates water supplies generated through watershed-scale hydrologic processes with a water management model driven by water demands and environmental requirements and is governed by the natural watershed and physical network of reservoirs, canals, and diversions. This version (WEAP21) extends the previous WEAP model by introducing the concept of demand priorities and supply preferences, which are used in a linear programming heuristic to solve the water allocation problem as an alternative to multi-criteria weighting or rule-based logic approaches. WEAP21 introduces a transparent set of model objects and procedures that can be used to analyze a full range of issues faced by water planners through a scenario-based approach. These issues include climate variability and change, watershed condition, anticipated demands, ecosystem needs, the regulatory environment, operational objectives, and available infrastructure.     

实施水资源统一管理,保障山西省水资源可持续利用

山西省属资源型缺水省份，水资源短缺已经成为经济社会发展和人民生活水平提高的“瓶颈”，在此形势下，必须理顺水资源管理体制，实现水资源统一管理，从而为实现山西省水资源的可持续利用提供战略保障。     

博斯腾湖流域水资源管理决策支持系统设计与实现

为了提高博斯腾湖流域水资源管理水平,设计开发了针对该流域的水资源管理决策支持系统。系统基于Microsoft.NET平台,采用Visual Studio、SQL Server、ArcGIS工具集开发,在流域“地-云-空”一体化监测体系和系统架构的基础上,构建了地图要素管理、基本水文信息、流域生态流量等主要模块,实现了流域空间可视化查询、实时流量动态模拟、流域生态基流计算以及水资源管理配置等功能。结合博斯腾湖流域1956—2019年水文资料及目前数据获取情况,系统可为不同发展模式下水资源管理提供多方面参考信息和技术支撑,能有效提高水资源管理部门决策效率。     

GIS and Multi-Criteria Evaluation: Robust Tools for Integrated Water Resources Management

Abstract

Integrated water resources planning and management are considered very complex issues. These issues are usually addressed through the multi-sectoral, interdisciplinary and hierarchal decomposition approaches. In general, integrated resource management indicates the consideration of water, social, socio-economic, economic and environmental issues. The current study aims at merging the GIS and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques for the integrated water resource management of a cropped area. An area of about 120,000 Hectares located in the Northern Nile River Delta area with a coastal zone on the Mediterranean was selected and GIS was applied to represent the area's different environment, social, economic, and water factors. Different randomization cropping pattern distribution scenarios were proposed. Through the merging of GIS and MCE approaches, three scenarios were run and evaluated at three different levels: farm, canal catchment area and whole area. This merging resulted in a very powerful tool for the evaluation of different plans. The merging of GIS and MCE really facilitated the decision making process for these types of integrated water management problems.     

以色列节水技术与水资源管理利用考察及认识

本文介绍了以色列农业节水技术和水资源管理方面的先进经验，并就山西节水灌溉的发展和水资源的管理利用提出了两点意见。     

太湖流域水资源开发现状分析

根据太湖流域 1998年的实际水资源量和社会经济发展用水量 ,分析该流域工业、农业和人口用水现状的空间分布 ,就社会经济发展趋势 ,指出近 10年流域内 ,工业水资源消耗增长幅度不大 ,农业保持现有水平 ,生活用水将大幅度增加。     

太湖流域水资源需求分析及对策

太湖流域是我国经济最发达、人口密度最大、大中型城市最密集的地区之一。在流域经济社会快速发展过程中,资源环境压力显著增大,特别是水资源水环境已经不堪重负,迫切需要加快产业结构调整和经济转型升级步伐,让有限的水资源保障经济社会持续健康发展。在分析流域水资源水环境承载能力与经济社会发展用水需求矛盾的基础上,提出了协调经济社会发展与水资源水环境承载能力,保障水资源永续利用,促进可持续发展的措施建议。     

太湖流域的水资源保护

按照太湖水污染防治\"十五\"计划,要求在继续强化和巩固太湖流域点源、面源治理的前提下,从流域大系统的不同层次,研究生态综合修复工程和措施,并从政策法规、政府监管、资金投入、公众参与、科技创新、环保产业进步等方面落实保障措施;从陆域综合治理、湖内生态恢复、水资源统一管理、水源地保护、地下水保护等方面提出治理对策.