高藻期去除水中微量有机物的效果研究

研究不同预处理措施和深度处理单元对微量有机物的去除效果.通过中试研究,发现预氧化措施能够很明显地提高微量有机物的去除效果:投加臭氧的滤后出水中烃类、杂环烃、多环等有机物明显减少;高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)的助凝效果也使得滤后出水中有机物的种类降低了51%;PPC和臭氧联合预氧化的效果高于二者的单独预氧化方式;氯胺也可以提高对烃类、杂环烃类、醇酚以及一些未知的有机物的去除.对于深度处理来说,虽然臭氧活性炭后出水的有机物种类有一定程度的减少,但是GC/MS峰面积却有一定程度的增加,必须增加合适的消毒措施才能提高工艺出水的安全性能.     

次氯酸钠强化过滤去除水中颗粒物的试验研究

应用在线浊度仪和颗粒计数仪对滤前投加次氯酸钠强化过滤降低滤池出水浊度和颗粒数进行了试验研究,结果表明,滤前投加次氯酸钠能有效减少滤池出水的浊度和颗粒数,在2mg/L次氯酸钠投加量下,滤池出水浊度和颗粒数较未投加之前分别降低了60%和76%,且滤池的过滤周期延长了8h;强化过滤主要去除水中粒径2~5μm的颗粒物,并能有效地降低滤池因滤速突变造成的颗粒物穿透程度;颗粒计数仪能更为准确地反映水中悬浮颗粒物的情况。     

颗粒计数仪器在给水处理工艺中的应用探索

采用在线颗粒计数仪和在线浊度仪并行监测长江水源水常规处理单元出水水质,对常规处理工艺运行参数进行优化研究.结果表明,采用常规工艺处理长江原水,在运行周期内,滤池出水中2～3 μm颗粒物数平均在50粒/mL以下,滤后水中浊度呈逐级下降趋势,颗粒物总量则逐渐上升,两者之间不存在比例关系;确定以滤池后出水中2～3 μm颗粒物数急剧波动作为滤池是否需要反冲洗的判断依据,并初步验证当原水平均水温在18℃以上时,普通快滤池运行周期可以延长至42 h,滤池过滤效率平均在3以上.     

臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺除藻效能研究

通过中试除藻试验,研究了臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺的除藻效能。结果表明,经过预臭 氧化和常规工艺处理后,深度处理工艺可再去除67％的含藻量。工艺参数:臭氧投加量2 mg／L,接 触时间15 min,活性炭滤池滤速10 m／h,停留时间12 min。探讨了预臭氧化和深度处理两种组合工 艺的除藻机理和影响因素。     

预氧化对混凝-气浮工艺去除铜绿微囊藻效果的影响

研究了预氧化(高锰酸钾、氯、过氧化氢)对混凝-溶气气浮工艺去除铜绿微囊藻的影响.通过检测出水浊度、藻类浓度以及UV254等指标来评价预氧化对藻类的去除效果.试验结果表明:在氧化剂最佳投量下,经过KMnO4、Cl2和H2O2预氧化后,藻类去除率分别提高了10.81%、11.65%以及9%,其中以氯对藻类去除效果最好,但预氯化过程中引起了藻细胞的破裂使得胞内有机物释放到水中,造成出水中UV254的升高.几种氧化剂对比研究结果表明,采用高锰酸钾预氧化不仅能够节约经济费用,而且不会因藻体内有机物的大量外流而降低出水水质的安全性.     

PPC预氧化和超滤协同处理引黄水库高藻水

采用高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)预氧化—混凝—沉淀—超滤组合工艺处理黄河下游引黄水库夏秋季节高藻水。工艺优化试验结果表明:当处理高藻水时,聚氯化铝最佳投加量为4mg/L,PPC最佳投加量为0.6mg/L。进行了混凝—沉淀—超滤和PPC预氧化—混凝—沉淀—超滤工艺中试比较,结果表明:两种工艺均能将出水浊度控制在0.1NTU以下;投加0.6mg/LPPC能使组合工艺对原水UV254和藻类的平均去除率分别提高10%和28%。将PPC预氧化技术和超滤技术联用,具有协同除污染作用,降低进入膜表面的污染负荷,缓解膜污染。     

超滤膜对水中颗粒物的去除效果研究

通过浊度和颗粒数指标来考察混凝超滤组合工艺对水中颗粒物质的去除效果。试验结果表明,混凝超滤组合工艺可有效去除颗粒物质,满足饮用水生物安全的要求。膜进水的浊度较高和延长膜过滤时间有利于减少膜出水的颗粒。提高膜通量会在一定程度上增加膜出水的颗粒。试验还表明,浊度越低,其与颗粒数之间的相关性越差。     

含碘水源先氯后氨消毒中副产物生成特性研究

以含碘水为研究对象,探究了先氯后氨工艺的THM4与I-THMs生成特性,并探究了该工艺的关键影响因子——氯接触时间、溴碘比、pH,同时以CTI与GTI为指标对其进行毒性评价,为水厂工艺调节提供理论依据.其中,先氯后氨工艺的总T H Ms生成量介于氯胺消毒与自由氯消毒之间,并且随着氯接触时间的增加,生成的CHCl3增加了26.5％,而I-THMs减少了58.7％;随着溴碘比的增加,溴代率和生成的THM4呈上升趋势而碘代率和I-THMs呈下降趋势;溴碘共存时,该工艺受pH影响复杂,在pH=6时产生的THMs总量最少.从毒性方面进行评价,先氯后氨工艺的毒性介于氯化和氯胺化消毒之间,30 min为比较合适的氯接触时间,此时与pre-NH2 Cl相比,细胞毒性和基因毒性分别减少了79.0％和53.4％;在溴碘比为3:1时产生的毒性最低.     

预处理及深度处理改造后D水厂消毒副产物跟踪分析

W市D水厂于2011年和2012年完成了深度处理和预处理改造,形成了预臭氧-曝气氧化-沉淀-砂滤-后臭氧-活性炭-消毒工艺,运用了多点加氯技术.通过跟踪调研改造前后D水厂太湖水净化过程中臭氧消毒副产物和液氯消毒副产物情况,发现改造后D水厂出厂水中臭氧消毒副产物溴酸盐检出率为1.18％,达标率为100％,出水甲醛无检出;...     

二氧化氯和超滤组合处理微污染水

采用二氧化氯预氧化和超滤组合工艺进行微污染水处理试验研究。进出水水质检测结果表明:二氧化氯预氧化和超滤组合工艺能将出水中浊度和细菌总数分别控制在0.8NTU和2CFU/mL以下,总大肠菌群未检出;投加0.5mg/L二氧化氯能使混凝—沉淀预处理和组合工艺的CODMn去除率分别提高约11.6%和7.4%,而且二氧化氯产生的亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐浓度均低于国家饮用水卫生标准的限值。跨膜压差监测表明二氧化氯预氧化能通过降低膜表面污染物负荷、降低有机污染物相对分子质量以及减少微生物在膜表面滋长等方式缓解膜污染。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.