基于组合赋权二维云模型的堤防工程风险评价

针对堤防风险评价中风险等级判定主观性太强、风险指标具有模糊性和随机性等问题,采用改进层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法组合赋权的方式,提出基于组合赋权二维云模型的堤防工程风险评价方法。以现行堤防安全评价导则为基础,综合考虑运行管理、堤基质量、堤身质量、防洪能力、渗流安全和结构安全6个方面构建堤防工程风险评价指标体系,在此基础上计算各评价指标隶属于不同风险等级的二维云模型参数,并将结果以风险云图的形式输出,直观地判定堤防的风险等级。将该方法应用于黄河下游某堤防工程的风险评价,结果与实际情况相符,表明该方法合理可行。     

博弈论融合权重-短板理论在堤防安全综合评价中的应用

堤防工程是抵御洪水、保障人民生命财产安全的重要防洪工程之一.为掌握堤防工程安全状况,本文构建了包含堤身土质特性、堤身隐患、堤基结构、除险加固措施、洪水特性及河势变化等因素的多层次多目标的综合评价指标体系.利用博弈论思想将层次分析法(AHP)与熵值法进行优化组合来确定指标的融合权重,兼顾了赋权专家的主观意见和评价指标的客...     

基于组合赋权和云模型的堤防安全评价

针对堤防安全评价研究中影响因素选择与现行规范结合不紧密以及对堤防安全状态这个复杂系统的模糊性和随机性考虑不足的问题,以现行堤防安全评价相关规范为基础,构建由5个一级评价指标、22个二级评价指标、11个三级评价指标组成的层次指标体系。在此基础上,建立组合优化赋权模型对改进群组G1法和熵权法计算的权重进行组合赋权。通过引进云模型理论,把堤防安全评价的3种安全类别转化为对应的云评语,以浮动云和综合云计算得到堤防安全状态总目标云参数和云图,能直观确定堤防的安全类别,且与实际安全状态一致。同时,分析一级指标安全状态云图,锁定影响堤防安全的关键因素,对堤防安全状态发展的趋势作出分析,给出有针对性的建议。对于复杂堤防系统,基于组合赋权和云模型的方法更好地将模糊性和随机性结合起来,可为堤防安全综合评价和除险加固提供依据。     

庄河市英那河堤防工程安全综合评价

堤防工程是保护河道生态环境、保障人民财产安全和抵御洪水的重要基础设施,受外界条件、堤基、堤身等条件限制,堤防工程安全评价及其风险因素识别为当前研究的重要课题。文章以庄河市英那河堤防工程为例,结合现场调研结果和相关资料,通过分类、识别各类风险因素构建多因素、多层次综合评判体系。然后对堤防安全评价指标权重运用耦合了熵权和改进的FAHP法计算,依据堤防运行实际状况和专家评分结果确定各参数值,并对堤防安全状况作出客观、科学的评价,可为提升堤防工程的防洪能力和安全管理控制水平提供一定的指导。     

山区河道堤防工程渗控措施研究 ——以金沙江丽江段新建堤防工程为例

山区河道堤防堤基及堤身土层多由透水性较强的非黏性土构成,汛期易产生渗透破坏和堤基渗漏,在堤防工程设计中需考虑一定的防渗排水或加固补强措施.以金沙江丽江段新建堤防工程为例,对采取不同渗控方案的堤防断面进行了非稳定渗流计算,对堤身及堤基渗透稳定性进行了分析,并结合堤后农作物特性进行了淹没分析,提出了针对典型山区河道堤防较为...     

黄河下游堤防土体质量评价的主要因素和方法

介绍了堤防堤身质量评价的研究现状,指出了堤防土体评价的主要因素:堤身土体填筑质量、堤身隐患发育状况及堤身土体的渗透性.通过对其代表性指标进行量化分级,认为黄河下游堤身土体质量可分为较好、较差、差三类.     

基于单位约束组合赋权的混凝土坝性态安全评价云模型

针对大坝性态安全评价中梯阶逐层指标权重的不确定性、主客观组合赋权中合理配权及隶属区间模糊性等问题,提出基于单位约束组合赋权的混凝土坝性态安全评价云模型。以运行期混凝土坝为对象,在其已建性态评价体系的基础上,综合运用基于G1法和熵权法的组合赋权理论,构建了单位约束条件下性态指标组合权重寻优新方法;引入云模型概念,量化了大坝性态安全评价中评价指标的随机性与隶属区间的模糊性。将该模型应用到某实际混凝土坝工程中,其安全评价结果与其他评价模型的结果基本一致,且与大坝实际情况相符,从而验证了该模型的有效性与可行性。     

浅谈从化市温泉镇小海河桃莲、中田段堤防设计

桃莲、中田段堤防是从化市小海河流域综合整治工程的组成部分,该文通过对桃莲、中田段堤防达标整治工程的堤轴线布置原则、堤身设计、堤身稳定计算、上堤路口设计的简述,为类似山区河流且为砂砾石层堤基工程的设计提供了一定的技术参考。     

突变理论在堤防安全综合评价中的应用

堤防工程安全受洪水、地震、堤身土质及堤基结构等多种因素影响,且其作用机理复杂,一旦失事危害巨大.将突变理论引入堤防工程安全评价中,根据突变评价原理,建立了堤防工程安全综合评价指标体系,参照大坝安全评价标准,结合堤防工程特点,建立了堤防工程安全等级划分标准,利用突变评价的归一公式计算了北江大堤石角堤段设计洪水情况的安全评价指标值,根据等级划分标准,从计算结果分析得知该段堤防在设计洪水工况下安全性较高,为堤防工程安全管理提供科学依据.     

考虑堤基堤身相互作用的软土堤防数值模拟

借助有限元等数值模拟手段,基于复杂地质条件特点和恶劣运行环境影响,分析堤防工程的工作性态,揭示其驱动机制,对及时发现堤防工程安全隐患、合理进行补强加固具有重要意义。以建于软土地基上的堤防工程为对象,开展考虑堤基堤身相互作用的堤防工作性态有限元数值仿真研究,探究适用于软土堤防工程堤基与堤身特性的本构模型和数值计算方法。结合实际工程案例,通过为不同土体选取合理本构模型,建立基于摩擦接触模型的堤防有限元模型,对该软土堤防工作性态进行分析计算,并与未考虑相互作用的有限元计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:定义摩擦模型的相互作用会使堤防应力和水平位移计算结果有所减小,而竖直位移计算结果稍有增大,经过分析认为,考虑相互作用的计算更符合实际情况。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。