基于质量检测与安全监测数据的补强拱坝弹性模量反馈

针对施工期进行补强加固处理的高拱坝在长期服役后真实材料力学参数是否满足设计要求的问题,本文依托某施工期补强碾压混凝土拱坝工程,首先采用钻孔取芯、大坝弹性波CT及表面波法(SASW)和现场普查相结合的方法进行大坝混凝土质量检测;进而基于变形监测资料对拱坝的实测位移进行定性分析;然后通过建立径向位移统计模型进行定量分析;接着采用正交设计-BP神经网络-数值计算相结合的方法,优化反演坝体和坝基的弹性模量。研究表明:该补强拱坝坝体内部混凝土强度基本在30 MPa以上,反演获得的坝体混凝土弹性模量为30.13～33.30 GPa。虽然该补强大坝拱冠梁处测点变形偏大且存在左、右岸变形不对称的现象,但结合运行期大坝质量检测成果以及参数反演结果,可认为目前补强拱坝运行状态良好,坝体混凝土能满足设计要求。     

碾压混凝土坝服役性能安全监控理论研究进展

碾压混凝土坝逐层振捣碾压形成的诸多施工层面是坝体的薄弱环节,注定其结构特性较常态混凝土坝更为复杂,依托大坝原型观测资料分析大坝结构运行性态是保障碾压混凝土坝安全运行与服役寿命的重要技术手段.文中在概括碾压混凝土坝结构宏细观力学行为、多场耦合数值仿真分析与变形监控模型等方面所开展科研工作的基础上,论述了碾压混凝土坝工作性态安全监控理论和方法的现有研究成果,并结合碾压混凝土坝服役性态探讨了当前研究的不足与亟待发展和完善的研究领域,以期进一步完善碾压混凝土坝安全监控理论体系,为碾压混凝土坝安全运行与健康服役提供理论依据与技术支持.     

锦屏一级拱坝黏弹性工作性态反演分析

针对锦屏一级拱坝历年1 880 m高水位稳定期坝体向下游侧位移持续增大的异常变形性态,基于现场位移监测数据和坝体混凝土徐变试验数据,对该拱坝当前运行性态进行了反演分析。结果表明:坝体目前处于黏弹性工作状态,监测发现的短期趋势性变形是由水压荷载作用下黏弹性滞后变形效应和年周期环境温降效应所共同引起。混凝土黏弹性力学参数之间具有较好的线性关系,基于弹性水压分量反演得到的坝体混凝土弹性模量实际是瞬时弹性模量与延迟弹性模量的等效值,对于锦屏一级拱坝,该反演值为35.5 GPa,与前期反演值和试验值较为接近;而基于黏弹性水压分量反演得到的广义Kelvin模型中瞬时弹性模量、2延迟弹性模量和2黏滞系数分别为47.3 GPa、189.4 GPa、132.3 GPa、383.8 GPa·d和20 574.6 GPa·d。建议今后对锦屏一级拱坝建立变形监控模型时,应在HST模型中引入黏弹性滞后水压分量。     

碾压混凝土坝等效黏弹性参数反演

根据碾压混凝土坝的成层结构特性,将层面影响概化到整个坝体中,将碾压混凝土坝视为横观各向同性体,建立了碾压混凝土坝等效黏弹性模型。根据位移实测资料,采用偏最小二乘法建立位移统计模型,分离水压分量和时效分量,建立反演碾压混凝土坝双向异性黏弹性参数的目标函数,并利用混沌遗传算法对黏弹性参数进行反演。工程实例中,将反演得到的黏弹性参数作为已知值,计算测点在相应时间段变形的水压和时效分量之和,并与分离出的实测值进行对比,结果表明:计算值与实测值比较接近,说明反演方法是正确、可行的。     

基于PCA的高混凝土坝变形空间融合监控模型

针对单测点监控模型无法反映大坝整体变形性态的问题,提出了基于主成分分析(PCA)的高混凝土坝变形空间融合监控模型。以混凝土坝空间变形场多测点监测数据为基础,利用PCA提取能反映大坝整体变形性态的综合效应量,基于有限元对其建立混合模型,并以模型预测值与实测值之间的2倍标准差作为控制域进行大坝空间变形性态的融合诊断。应用此模型对某高拱坝进行建模分析,结果表明,所提取的第一综合效应量即可解释原29个坝体正垂线测点所共同表征的大坝变形性态,对其建立的混合模型中水压分量的调整系数为0.85,分离出来的时效变形分量尚未收敛,说明坝体目前仍有向下游侧的整体趋势性变形,与该高拱坝处于蓄水运行初期的状况相符。基于PCA的空间融合监控模型,可有效减少变形监控模型的数量,从而快速诊断高混凝土坝的整体变形性态。     

混凝土大坝变形监控指标拟定的混合法

针对混凝土坝变形监控指标拟定涉及的材料参数众多且不容易准确获取的问题,考虑到水压分量数值计算涉及的参数相对较少且计算结果相对可靠,采用数值计算-变形统计模型的混合法拟定混凝土坝变形监控指标,即水压分量采用不利水位工况下数值计算值,其它分量则采用不利工况下变形统计模型的分离值或反映非线性效应的分量值,结合某常态混凝土高拱坝,提出了基于混合法拟定混凝土坝变形一级、二级监控指标。分析表明,基于混合法拟定的变形一级监控指标与典型小概率法拟定的监控指标接近但略大,这表明该拱坝目前处于黏弹性工作性态,但混合法拟定的变形一级监控指标考虑的因素更全面,而且材料性能分项系数的引入明确了强度参数的合理取值。     

高拱坝参数反演的Jaya-高斯过程回归模型

为了提高高拱坝物理力学参数反演的精度及效率,将Jaya智能优化方法与高斯过程机器学习理论引入大坝安全监控领域,提出了基于Jaya-高斯过程回归代理模型的拱坝参数反演分析方法。采用高斯过程回归代理模型代替传统的有限元计算,并利用3种智能优化算法进行参数寻优。结果表明:Jaya算法相比于PSO算法、GWO算法,不仅反演精度高、收敛速度快,且具有很好的稳定性；所提出反分析策略在反演用时方面比直接调用有限元计算的反分析方法节省80%以上。本文方法不仅能够满足计算精度要求,且大大缩减了计算时间,为高拱坝物理力学参数反演分析提供了一种高效的方法。     

基于混沌遗传算法的碾压混凝土坝力学参数反分析

坝体物理力学参数是衡量坝体质量的一项重要指标,如何获取碾压混凝土坝当前实际的物理力学参数是分析和评价大坝安全性态的前提和关键。根据碾压混凝土坝施工过程、压实机理和层面特性等,将碾压混凝土坝力学参数识别反问题作为优化问题处理,系统地研究并建立了碾压混凝土坝变形力学参数反分析理论和方法。为克服传统遗传算法的早熟缺点,在处理优化问题时引入混沌遗传算法,并应用混沌遗传算法对某碾压混凝土坝的横观各向同性变形参数和渐变参数进行了反演。最后将横观各向同性模型与参数渐变模型计算值和实测值进行对比分析,验证了反分析理论和方法的正确性,同时也说明了参数渐变模型的合理性和正确性。     

基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的重力坝变形参数反演

针对利用位移实测资料对大坝坝体和基岩的变形力学参数进行优化反演时存在效率低、精度差等问题,通过对鲸鱼优化算法进行并行化改进,并引入权重因子,结合有限元计算,提出一种基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法。利用该方法对某混凝土重力坝坝体和基岩弹性模量进行反演,并与粒子群算法的反演结果进行比较。结果表明:在相同迭代次数的情况下,改进的鲸鱼优化算法比粒子群算法耗时更少,且反演得到的坝体、基岩力学参数比粒子群算法得到的更为准确。表明利用多核处理器对该方法进行并行计算,可大幅度缩短计算时间。基于改进鲸鱼优化算法的力学参数反演方法具有搜索能力强、收敛速度快和精度高等特点,合理可行,可推广应用于混凝土拱坝等其他坝型的力学参数反演。     

施工期混凝土拱坝变形安全监控模型研究

混凝土拱坝施工期的安全监控及时反馈给施工和设计单位,可避免事故的发生.但施工期混凝土拱坝变形规律复杂、影响因素众多,实施安全监控的难度较大.根据施T期混凝土拱坝变形的基本特点,对其影响因素进行了选取,并结合有限元仿真技术,分析坝体变形与影响因子之间的定量关系,从而建立了施工期坝体变形的监控模型.以正处于施工期的小湾拱坝为例,对所建立的监控模型进行了验证,结果表明拟合效果较好.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.