The progress in the verification of key technologies for floating structures near islands and reefs

In 2019 a Scientific Research&Demonstration Platform was deployed near islands and reefs in South China Sea by a joint research group of 7 institutes and universities in China.It is a simplified small model of a two-module semi-submersible-type VLFS.The test on site has continued for more than one and half years since then for long-term observations to validate the developed key technologies for design and behavior predictions of floating structures deployed near islands and reefs.An integrated information system was set up to continuously collect and inspect the data of the encountered waves,structure responses,connector forces,mooring line forces,anti-corrosion status of the platform,the performance efficiencies of a floating breakwater nearby and a wave energy converter attached on the breakwater.In this paper,the status of the on-site measurements and validations of the key technologies are briefly described.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A NEW KIND OF OPEN TYPE BREAKWATERS

A new kind of open type breakwaters was proposed based on the concept of wave energy conversion. The excellent feature of the structure is that it can absorb and utilize the wave energy to dissipate waves. The effects of some factors, such as the configuration insides, the geometrical parameters and the relative width (the ratio of the width to the wave length), on the performance of the breakwater were discussed based on a series of regular wave tests in the wave flume. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the new open type breakwater were analyzed in detail, and the structure was optimized to improve the performance of the breakwater to effectively dissipate the waves with long period. The variation of the coefficients of wave transmission and reflection along with attenuation with respect to relative width was examined. The results of the physical model tests indicate that the transmission coefficient significantly decreases by about twenty percent at the range of relative width from 0. 1 to 0.2, compared with the traditional open type breakwaters.     

URANS simulations of ship motion responses in long-crest irregular waves

In this paper, numerical prediction of ship motion responses in long-crest irregular waves by the URANS-VOF method is presented. A white noise spectrum is applied to generate the incoming waves to evaluate the motion responses. The procedure can replace a decade of simulations in regular wave with one single run to obtain a complete curve of linear motion response, considerably reducing computation time. A correction procedure is employed to adjust the wave generation signal based on the wave spectrum and achieves fairly better results in the wave tank. Three ship models with five wave conditions are introduced to validate the method. The computations in this paper are completed by using the solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU, a solver developed for ship and ocean engineering based on the open source code OpenFOAM. The computational motion responses by the irregular wave procedure are compared with the results by regular wave, experiments and strip theory. Transfer functions by irregular wave closely agree with the data obtained in the regular waves, showing negligible difference. The comparison between computational results and experiments also show good agreements. The results better predicted by CFD method than strip theories indicate that this method can compensate for the inaccuracy of the strip theories. The results confirm that the irregular wave procedure is a promising method for the accurate prediction of motion responses with less accuracy loss and higher efficiency compared with the regular wave procedure.     

LOW FREQUENCY WAVE FORCFES ON TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOATING BODIES

Simulating incident group wave with narrow spectrum by nonlinear slowly modulated Stoking wave train andusing Multiple Scales Method.problem of the second-order low frequency diffraction of group waves on a two-dimensionai floating body has been studied.The first-order and second-order low frequency diffraction potentials arederived,which lead to the second-order and third-order low frequency forces respectively.It is shown thai the sec-ond-order low frequency force generated by first-order low frequency diffraction potentials is verticcal to undis-turbed free surface,and is directly proportional to square of envelope amplitude of incident wave and to waterlinewidth of floating body.The horizontal low frequency forces are caused by the second-order low frequency diffrac-tion potential.To determine it only two linear boundary value problems are necessary to be solved.     

HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN FLNG VESSEL AND LNG CARRIER IN SIDE BY SIDE CONFIGURATION

The Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) is a new type of floating platform for the exploitation of stranded offshore oil/gas fields. The side by side configuration for the FLNG vessel and the LNG carrier arranged in parallel is one of the possible choices for the LNG offloading. During the offloading operations, the multiple floating bodies would have very complex responses due to their hydrodynamic interactions. In this study, numerical simulations of multiple floating bodies in close proximity in the side by side offloading configuration are carried out with the time domain coupled analysis code SIMO. Hydrodynamic interactions between the floating bodies and the mechanical coupling effects between the floating bodies and their connection systems are included in the coupled analysis model. To clarify the hydrodynamic effects of the two vessels, numerical simulations under the same environmental condition are also conducted without considering the hydrodynamic interactions, for comparison. It is shown that the hydrodynamic interactions play an important role in the low frequency motion responses of the two vessels, but have little effect on the wave frequency motion responses. In addition, the comparison results also show that the hydrodynamic interactions can affect the loads on the connection systems.     

WAVE INTERACTION WITH PERFORATED CAISSON BREAKWATERS

The reflection coefficient of perforated caissons and the total horizontal forces acting on them were experimentally and numerically analyzed and discussed when wave propagates normally. To consider the viscosity effect of fluid and nonlinear action of waves on structures, the VOF (Volume Of Fluid) method combined with the k-ε turbulence model was used to simulate the interaction between waves and structures. Governing equations were solved with the finite difference method. Through 2D experimental study in the wave flume, the empirical relationship between the reflection coefficient of perforated caissons and the main affecting factors were obtained from the experimental data using the least square method. Also the correlation between the ratio of the total horizontal force acting on perforated caisson and the force acting on solid caisson and the main affecting factors were regressed from the experimental data.     

ANALYTICAL MODELS OF FLOATING BRIDGES SUBJECTED BY MOVING LOADS FOR DIFFERENT WATER DEPTHS

There are two types of floating bridge such as discrete-pontoon floating bridges and continuous-pontoon floating bridges. Analytical models of both floating bridges subjected by raoving loads are presented to study the dynamic responses with hydrodynamic influence coefficients for different water depths. The beam theory and potential theory are introduced to produce the models. The hydrodynamic coefficients and dynamic responses of bridges are evaluated by the boundary element method and by the Galerkin method of weighted residuals, respectively. Considering causal relationship between the frequencies of the oscillation of floating bridges and the added mass coefficients, an iteration method is introduced to compute hydrodynamic frequencies. The results indicate that water depth has little influence upon the dynamic responses of both types of floating bridges, so that the effect of water depth can be neglected during the course of designing floating bridges.     

A TIME DOMAIN INVESTIGATION ON THE HYDRODYNAMIC RESO-NANCE PHENOMENA OF 3-D MULTIPLE FLOATING STRUCTURES

A 3-D time domain method is developed to investigate the gap influence on the wave threes for 3-D multiple floating structures. Special hydrodynamic resonance due to small gaps between multiple floating structures on wave forces is examined. Strong and complicate hydrodynamic interactions between the floating bodies are observed and the numerical computations have proved the existence of the sharp peak force response on each floating body at some special resonant wave numbers. By comparison with the results from the frequency domain technique, the results obtained from the time domain method reveal the similar resonant phenomena and hydrodynamic interaction. The resonant wave numbers are also proved around kL-nπ （n = 1,2 ……∞） with a corresponding frequency shift. The strong hydrodynamic interaction feature is practically significant for the design of module structures and the links （connection） in whole the floating body system.     

DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF DDMS PLATFORM SUBJECTED TO ACTIONS OF WAVE GROUPS AND CURRENT FOURCES

Coupled dynamic analysis of the Deep Draft Multi-Spar (DDMS) platform and the mooring system under the action of waves and current is carried out in the time domain. Using a geometrically nonlinear finite element method, the mooring-line dynamics is simulated based on the total Lagrangian formulation. Wave groups are obtained by the JONSWAP spectrum and an empirical wave envelope spectrum involving two envelope-based factors Group Height Factor (GFH) and Group Length Factor (GLF). The results show that the wave groups have a significant effect on the motion responses of the platform and the mooring line tensions.     

Numerical and experimental study of internal solitary wave loads on tension leg platforms

With the large-scale density stratified tank and the numerical flume proposed,series of numerical cases in line with the experiments are carried out to investigate the interaction between the tension leg platforms(TLPs)and the internal solitary waves(ISWs).The waveforms,and the loads and the torques on the TLP obtained by the experiments and the simulations agree well with each other.Experimental results show that the amplitudes of the dimensionless horizontal force and torque linearly increase with the dimensionless amplitude,while that of the vertical force increases in a parabolic curve.Besides,the numerical results indicate that the horizontal and vertical forces on the TLP due to the ISWs can be divided into three components,namely,the wave pressure-difference forces,the viscous pressure-difference forces,and the frictional force that is negligible.The wave pressure-difference forces are always the major constituents.However the viscous pressure-difference component is unimportant,it is negligible as compared with the vertical forces.     

FPSO串靠外输系统动力分析

FPSO串靠外输方式因其对环境的适应性好,安全性较高,是FPSO原油外输的主要方式。该文考虑了风、流和系泊缆索的耦合动力,建立了FPSO串靠多浮体系泊系统的时域耦合运动模型,其中浮体时域水动力系数由频域的结果通过快速傅立叶变换转换得到。数值求解时,浮体时域运动方程采用Newmark-β法,系泊缆索采用时域非线性有限元方法。基于自主开发的Fortran计算程序对南海海域一艘张紧式系泊FPSO与其配套的躺底式系泊穿梭油轮及两船间系泊大缆组成的串靠输油系统进行了理论计算,得到了FPSO及穿梭油轮的纵荡运动响应,系泊缆索上端点张力,系泊大缆张力等时间历程。通过谱分析讨论了低频波浪力和波频波浪力对FPSO串靠系泊系统的作用。同时探究了风向和流向对FPSO串靠系统的影响。该串靠多浮体系泊系统耦合动力模型能合理解释物理现象,可用于分析实际作业的串靠外输系泊系统。     

柔性浮式防波堤消浪特性研究

针对圆柱形柔性浮式防波堤的消浪效果展开断面试验研究,分析其在规则波和不规则波作用下的消浪特性。通过大量水槽试验给出了圆柱形柔性浮式防波堤透射系数、反射系数、衰减系数与锚固方式、试验水深、相对宽度的变化关系。研究结果表明:该结构形式的浮式防波堤对短周期波浪消浪效果明显,而对长周期波浪消浪效果不佳;锚固方式和水深对消浪效果的影响较小;相对宽度是影响消浪效果的主要因素。研究成果可为由该结构连接成的"V"形浮式防波堤的锚固方式和摆放角度的设计提供参考。     

Numerical simulations of 2-D floating body driven by regular waves

An improved meshing method based on Fluent is used to update the computational meshes in solving the Navier-Stokes(N-S) equations for viscous and incompressible free surface flows with the volume of fluid(VOF) method. To maintain the meshquality when updating meshes for a moving structure, the computational domain is separated into several parts and each part corresponds to a specific type of body motion. The numerical results of the interaction between the floating body and the regular wavesagree well with the experimental data. A total of eight typical motion types are simulated separately to understand the correlationbetween the motion types and the wave transmission as well as the forces acting on the floating body. Numerical experiments showthat the wave transmission increases in the case of sway and heave motions and decreases in the case of pitch motion as comparedwith the stationary case. It is also found that the sway motion reduces the horizontal wave force acting on the floating body, while theheave motion enhances the vertical wave force.     

规则波作用下潜堤透浪系数数值模拟

潜堤透浪系数是衡量潜堤削弱波浪能力的主要指标。基于Boussinesq型方程的MIKE21-BW模型建立波浪数值水槽,进行规则波作用下潜堤透浪系数的数值模拟。根据Dingemans物理模型试验结果对BW模型进行参数率定和验证,验证结果良好。在此基础上,进一步分析了影响潜堤透浪系数的无因次影响参数,包含相对淹没深度、波陡、相对堤顶宽度、斜坡堤坡度等,研究不同因素组合情况下潜堤透浪系数的变化规律。建立了规则波作用下潜堤透浪系数的计算式,应用MATLAB数学软件对式中的系数进行拟合,拟合式计算值与BW模型计算值相关系数为0.858,相关性较好。另外,将拟合式与杨正己公式进行比较,并分析数据的差异与原因。研究表明:MIKE21-BW模型可以进行规则波作用下潜堤透浪系数的数值模拟。     

AN OPTIMIZATION OF EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSION METHOD FOR THE INTERACTION OF WATER WAVES WITH AN ELASTIC PLATE

The hydroelastic interaction of an incident wave with a semi-infinite horizontal elastic plate floating on a homogenous fluid of finite depth is analyzed using the eigenfunction expansion method. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible and the wave amplitudes are assumed to be small. A two-dimensional problem is formulated within the framework of linear potential theory. The fluid domain is divided into two regions, namely an open water region and a plate-covered region. In this paper, the orthogonality property of eigenfunctions in the open water region is used to obtain the set of simultaneous equations for the expansion coefficients of the velocity potentials and the edge conditions are included as a part of the equation system. The results indicate that the thickness and the density of plate have almost no influence on the reflection and transmission coefficients. Numerical analysis shows that the method proposed here is effective and has higher convergence than the previous results.     

废旧轮胎浮式防波堤模型试验

依据水弹性相似理论设计小比尺的废旧轮胎浮式防波堤模型,该模型试验结果与原型结果吻合较好,验证了废旧轮胎浮式防波堤模型试验所取的相似关系是合理的,试验技术是可行的。研究废旧轮胎浮式防波堤结构衰减波能量的机理,探讨结构相对堤宽、锚链拖地长度、锚链刚度对废旧轮胎浮式防波堤消浪性能及锚链力的影响。在该试验范围内,当堤宽大于0.6倍波长时,透射系数小于0.5,锚链刚度和锚链拖地长度对透射系数的影响不明显。     

V形贯底式防波堤上波浪作用力的解析研究

用解析方法计算V形贯底式防波堤在波浪绕射作用下周围流域任意点的速度势,研究波浪作用在V形贯底式防波堤上的波浪力。假定防波堤刚性、薄壁、不透浪、水深恒定。假想的圆柱面将整个流场划分为三个区域,分别在每个区域内将速度势用特征函数展开,然后在公共边界上按照速度连续,速度势连续的原则进行匹配,求得流域中任意一点的速度势和作用在V形贯底式防波堤上的总波力和总波力矩。数值结果给出了作用在防波堤上的波浪力随防波堤张角、入射波波长、入射角变化的曲线。结果表明:作用在V形贯底式防波堤上的波浪力与水深、防波堤的张角、入射波的波长等因素有关。     

应用比例边界有限元法研究波浪与带狭缝三箱作用的共振现象

比例边界有限元法（SBFEM）是一种半解析的新数值分析方法,比完全数值方法具有更高的分析精度.本文应用该方法求解波浪与有限水深中三个相同,但之间存在狭缝的二维固定方箱的作用问题,为波浪与多模块超大型浮体的相互作用提供一些规律。文中给出了各箱的波浪力及反射、透射系数的数值结果,与BEM结果进行了比较,吻合良好.发现波浪与三箱的作用存在双共振现象而且中间箱的共振形式与两边箱不同.进一步分析了箱体吃水深度、狭缝宽度和箱体宽度对三箱共振频率的影响.这对超大型浮体水动力分析和结构设计具有一定的参考价值。数值结果证实该方法用较少单元便能得到精确结果,这为超大型浮体的水动力分析提供了一个可行的分析方法。     

波流共同作用下单体网格式锚碇网箱水动力特性研究

运用刚体运动学原理和集中质量方法,建立了计算重力式网箱浮架、网衣和锚碇系统受力和运动的数学模型.利用此数学模型获得了波流作用下网箱在网格式锚碇情况下锚碇锚绳受力、浮架运动的计算结果.在此基础上,计算并分析比较了不同设计流速与波况组合作用情况下,单体网箱各类锚绳(锚碇锚绳,连接锚绳和网格锚绳)受力、浮架运动及网衣变形情况.讨论结果表明,在相同工况下,各类锚绳中锚碇锚绳受力最大,连接锚绳受力次之,网格锚绳受力最小.锚碇锚绳、连接锚绳受力随波高、周期、流速的增加有不同程度的增加;网格锚绳受力随波高的增加有一定程度的增加,随流速的增加有较小幅度的减少,与周期变化关系不明显.浮架水平方向运动幅度随波高、周期及流速的增加而有不同幅度的增加;浮架竖直方向运动幅度随波高、周期的增加有不同程度的增加,随流速的增加有较小程度的减小.各种波流工况作用下,浮架倾角随流速的增加有一定程度的减少,随波高的增加有较小程度的增加,与周期变化关系不明显.网衣体积损失率随流速、波高及周期的增加有较小程度的增加.     

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH ON THE WAVE DIFFRACTION OF ARC-SHAPED FLOATING BREAKWATERS

1. INTRODUCTIONBreakwaters are generally constructed for thedissipation and reflection of incident wave energyin order to decrease the wave height to protect thecoast against the erosion and to decrease the forceacting on the coastal structures . Compared…