高分辨率面雨量雷达测雨系统在广西左江上游的应用探讨

高分辨率面雨量雷达测雨系统是应用低空雨量雷达进行区域雨量监测,通过雨滴谱仪进行衰减订正后,获取区域内降雨分布和有效的降雨量。通过2台低空雷达组网的左江上游面雨量雷达测雨系统将左江上游平而河和水口河区域概化分为16个区,每小时自动分析、计算、处理16个区域有效面降雨量后,通过开展与相邻的传统雨量监测站数据对比分析,并与广西洪水预报系统衔接开展预警预报的应用,为今后高分辨率面雨量雷达测雨系统在广西的进一步有效应用打下基础。     

“PRS-11型高分辨区域面雨量自动监测系统”通过水利部科技成果鉴定

<正>2013年11月13日,由水利部水文局等单位共同完成的"PRS-11型高分辨区域面雨量自动监测系统"通过了水利部国际合作与科技司组织召开的科技成果鉴定会。专家鉴定委员会认为该项成果达到了国际领先水平。"PRS-11型高分辨区域面雨量自动监测系统"是完全自主研发、具有知识产权的高时空分辨率且空间连续雨量场监测的水文仪器设备。其主要创新点为:填补了国内雨量雷达、激光雨滴谱仪及数据处理与雨强反演有机结合进行面雨量定量测量的     

优化Z—R关系及其在北京地区面雨量估测中的应用

运用最优化方法,选取北京市新一代天气雷达2007年5场降雨的基数据资料与对应的地面雨量计资料进行Z—R关系研究,对比由雨量计观测值和雷达估测值插值得到的面雨量分布情况。结果表明：采用缺省的Z—R关系估算出的区域面雨量普遍偏小很多,优化后雷达估测的雨强分布与雨量站点测量的雨强分布更接近,且雷达定量估测区域面雨量的精度有了...     

雨量传感器在大坝安全监测中的应用

降雨量是大坝安全监测中的一个基本要素,因为它与人民的生产生活关系极为密切。在人类活动的诸多方面都需掌握降水这项基本要素。研究降水规律,监测其在时空上的分布,为大坝安全监测提供科学依据。介绍翻斗式雨量传感器工作原理以及在大中型水库坝前水位雨量自动报测系统项目中的应用。     

基于ArcGIS的泰森多边形法计算区域平均雨量

区域平均降雨量是防汛部门进行洪涝预报与评估的重要依据,实时、准确的区域平均降雨量计算结果,对防汛预报的准确性起着至关重要的作用。在众多区域平均降雨量计算方法中,泰森多边形法以适合区域内雨量站及降雨量分布不均匀的情况而被广泛应用。利用基于ArcGIS平台的泰森多边形法计算区域平均雨量,解决了传统方法计算泰森多边形面积以及面积权重系数的难题,提高了区域平均降雨量的时效性和准确性。     

利用VFP和CASS生成雨量等值线图方法综述

为了及时准确地了解某个区域、某个时段内的降雨时空分布和强度,以满足实际工作的需要,需要根据该区域内相关雨量站点的雨量数据采用计算机技术绘制降雨量等值线。在CAD环境下,利用VFP数据库编程语言编程生成给定范围内的站点坐标雨量数据文件,再利用CASS成图软件生成雨量等值线,配上相关区域的底图即可生成区域降雨量等值线的过程。结合江苏省镇江市的实际情况,对这一技术进行了详细的介绍。实际应用表明,成图效果较好,有较强的通用性。     

基于ArcGIS的GP服务实现动态平均雨量的计算方法研究

以监测站点中心的泰森多边形的实时雨量监测数据作为该泰森多边形内的雨量值,以行政区划为计算单元的区域平均降雨量则是行政区划内各泰森多边形内各个监测站点雨量值的平均值。通过对监测站点传回来的实时、准确的雨量值,利用基于ArcGIS平台Geoprocessing服务,通过后台的脚本配置,将实时监测的雨量数据实时生成泰森多边形法计算区域平均雨量,解决了传统方法计算泰森多边形面积以及面积权重系数的难题,提高了区域平均降雨量的时效性和准确性,对防汛预报的准确性起着至关重要的作用。     

流域平均雨量

流域平均雨量:又叫面雨量。水文工作中常需推求整个流域面上的平均降雨量。最常用的方法是算术平均法和垂直平分法(又叫做泰森多边形法),也有用绘制等雨量线图来推求的。     

泰森多边形法在小流域面雨量计算中的应用

为探究泰森多边形法在小流域面雨量计算中的适用性,以地处江淮丘陵区适宜进行产汇流机制等水文基础理论研究的典型闭合小流域花山流域为例,结合流域现状站点分布和地形特点,选取流域多年面雨量、典型场次与典型日面雨量三种不同降雨量级实例,分别采用算术平均法、泰森多边形法和等值线法计算面雨量进行对比。年面雨量和场次面雨量计算中泰森多边法对比等值线法计算值相对误差小于 1.00%,日面雨量计算值相对误差小于 2.00%;算术平均法在典型场次面雨量样本中有 40.0%的计算值相对误差大于 1.00%,最大相对误差为 -2.47%,在典型日面雨量样本中有36.8%的计算值相对误差大于 2.00%,最大相对误差为 9.38%。结果表明：不同降雨量级使用泰森多边形法计算面雨量比算术平均法更接近于等值线法计算值;算术平均法在降雨量较小时受局部降雨影响计算误差较大,在年面雨量计算时可以和泰森多边形法互换使用。     

山洪灾害临界雨量分析计算方法研究

一个流域或区域某一时间段内降雨量达到或超过某一量级和强度时,该流域或区域将发生山溪洪水、泥石流、滑坡等山洪灾害,把这时的降雨量或降雨强度,称为该流域或区域的临界雨量(强).临界雨量(强)是一项指标,对于山洪灾害防治有着重要意义.采用水文部门现有雨量站网的雨量资料,并利用气象站网雨量资料作为补充,提出了临界雨量的分析计算方法,同时也给出了资料缺乏和无资料区域或流域临界雨量的估算方法.通过对典型区域的实例分析,证明提出的方法是可行的.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。