回转体垂直入水早期空泡的一个计算方法

物体入水早期的空泡是与大气相通的非定常空泡,研究时要考虑水面与空泡壁两个自由液面。和定常空泡绕流不同,非定常的空泡壁不是常速度值面,也不是流面。本文引伸A.May理想空泡模型的假定,提出了垂直入水早期空泡准相似变形假设。从这个假设出发,可导出空泡壁运动学条件与无粘性绕流固壁的边界条件具有相同的形式,由此可以把陈九锡计算回转体垂直入水水动力及水弹道的方法推广到早期空泡阶段。文中给出了根据空泡壁的动力学条件在计算中修改空泡壁形状的方法。进行了数值计算,并与实验结果作了比较。最后,根据计算的结果。分析了入水早期空泡的几个物理现象。     

由气水流场耦合求解圆板的垂直等速入水

为探讨气流对入水空泡的影响以及计算非定常空泡面上的压力分布，本文提出了一个用自由面和物面上的边值同时求解气、水流场的方法，对圆板垂直等速入水算例，获得了空泡深闭合的结果。空泡内压力在深闭合时的骤增趋势与实验一致。表明本方法用于计算存在自由面的二层不掺混不可压势流问题是有效的。     

用MAC方法计算平头物体垂直等速入水空泡

本文用MAC方法模拟平头物体垂直等速入水空泡发展的全过程,用有限差分法直接解N-S方程,用标记质点显示液面位置和空泡形状,不必先假定空泡形状,自由面上的运动学条件和动力学条件自然得到满足。数值计算给出了空泡发展的过程,包括分离、开空泡、深闭合和闭合后的射流,还给出了物面上的压力分布和阻力系数。     

模拟自由面影响的涡格方法

基于涡格法来计算自由面影响下的水下航行体或螺旋桨水动力性能。水下航行体、螺旋桨以及自由面均采用涡格来表达,航行体涡格布置在真实物面上,桨叶涡格布置在拱弧面上,自由面涡格布置在静水面上方合适的距离处。通过奇点系的诱导速度来模拟物体与自由面的相互作用,在物面(或螺旋桨拱弧面)上满足不可穿透条件及在静水面上满足线性自由面条件,建立关于涡强的线性方程组并联立求解。通过球体、水翼及螺旋桨等算例考察了该方法的收敛性和精度,并讨论了进速和沉深对螺旋桨水动力性能的影响。     

有限水深中非轴对称体斜向入水砰击问题研究

该文采用三维全非线性不可压缩势流理论方法研究了有限水深中非轴对称体的斜向入水砰击问题.数学模型满足全非线性的边界条件,采用在时域中步进的方法对所有的边界进行更新.考虑到本问题湿表面剧烈变化的特点,将实际的物理域除以物体在水中行进的距离,得到拉伸坐标系,在该坐标系下进行计算,使计算域不随时间剧烈变化,从而便于网格的布置以及数据的传递.采用边界元法求解每个时间步的速度势,每隔几个时间步,沿着自由液面与θ剖面的交线对网格进行重新划分以及光顺,以保证网格的质量.并给出一种改进的欧拉方法,在柱坐标系中沿指定方向更新自由液面的位置以及速度势,从而克服了三维卷曲自由液面的复杂变化所带来的数值困难.对轴对称体与非轴对称体的垂直入水以及斜入水进行了数值模拟,并对数值计算结果进行了详细的讨论与分析.     

孤立波作用下破碎区单圆柱附近流动特性数值研究

为了合理分析孤立波作用下破碎区单圆柱附近的水流结构以及圆柱受力特性,该文利用OpenFOAM开源程序求解基于Navier-Stokes方程的三维数值模型,该模型采用S-A IDDES湍流模型,使用修正的VOF方法捕捉自由液面。研究发现,该数值模型能合理捕捉到孤立波与圆柱相互作用过程中复杂的液面形态变化;圆柱附近自由液面沿柱面呈三维分布,上爬过程的柱前雍高显著大于回落过程的柱后雍高;回落过程中柱前形成的尾涡在强度和范围上大于上爬过程中柱后形成的尾涡;圆柱表面的动水压强随水深的增长呈近似线性增长,最大值位于上爬过程中最大雍高时刻的迎浪点位置;圆柱所受的波浪力与柱面附近自由液面雍高历时相符,且上爬过程圆柱受到的波浪力明显大于回落过程。     

通气超空泡航行体后体纵摆运动的数值模拟

利用Fluent 6.3对带圆盘空化器的高速水下航行体的通气超空泡流动进行了三维、非定常的数值模拟,通过在FLUENT软件中加入UDF自定义函数的方式求解非惯性系下的N-S方程,分析了通气超空泡航行体水下纵摆运动过程中的超空泡流流动特征和力学特性。结果表明,三维轴对称超空泡水下航行体的压力场具有如下特点:(1)泡内压力低于外界同样水深处水流压力,(2)泡内压力与泡外压力连续变化,(3)泡内压力分布不均匀,泡内气体在压力差驱动下形成沿周向的二次流动;该二次流动是形成超空泡尾部涡管状泄气结构的重要因素。文中将仿真计算结果与空泡水洞试验进行了对比,验证了数值计算的有效性。     

二维兴波水翼水动力预报的涡分布法

本文用奇点面分布法预报二维自由面边界下水翼的水动力特性。采用线性化的自由面边界条件。水翼表面划分为若干单元，每个单元上布置线性分布的涡，并在其中点满足Ｎｅｕｍａｎｎ型物面边界条件。与试验结果比较表明，计算结果是合理的，本计算方法能显示二维兴波水翼水动力特性与Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数，相对浸深和攻角的关系。     

近自由表面升力线的侧洗角以及诱导升力

该文通过理论推导,以及对试验现象的具体分析,证明了在升力线理论中当马蹄涡模型靠近自由表面或者地面时,马蹄涡的自由涡部分会在水平方向产生一定的偏角,在该文中将这一偏角命名为侧洗角。然后,该文推导了侧洗角的计算公式。结果表明,当马蹄涡靠近自由表面或者地面时,自由涡侧洗角和下洗角大小相当。然后将修正的升力线理论应用到了地效翼的升力计算中,比较了考虑侧洗角和不考虑侧洗角两种升力线模型的计算结果,探究侧洗角对于地效翼升力计算的影响大小。结果发现,侧洗角会对升力计算产生一定的影响,因此在将升力线理论应用于地效翼升力计算时,应该考虑侧洗角。     

拖式吊舱螺旋桨定常性能理论计算

本文提出拖式吊舱螺旋桨(螺旋桨位于吊舱首部)定常水动力性能的势流理论计算方法。螺旋桨采用升力面理论涡格法、吊舱采用面元法分析计算，二者的相互干扰通过叠代计算来处理。考虑吊舱的影响，修改了尾涡模型。应用本方法，计算了拖式吊舱螺旋桨的定常性能，并与空泡水筒试验结果进行了比较，计算与试验吻合良好。     

汾河异重流运动规律研究及其对引黄南干联接段取水建筑物的影响

引黄南干联接段取水建筑物位于汾河水库右岸 ,水库异重流对取水水质具有十分不利的影响。本文主要是运用河流泥沙动力学及河床演变的有关原理对汾河水库异重流运动规律进行了计算和分析。     

压力溶腔对岩溶隧道施工安全影响的数值分析

岩溶地区富水压力溶腔的存在威胁着隧道施工安全。为分析压力溶腔存在对隧道施工安全的影响,以溶腔位于隧道上方的不利工况为例建立了防突层的简化力学模型,并考虑水压力和侧压力的共同影响,采用结构力学方法和变分原理推导了防突层最小安全厚度,分析了防突层高跨比对最小安全厚度取值的影响。结合某岩溶隧道,推算出防突层安全厚度为7.29m,小于溶腔与隧道临空面的实际厚度,判定该隧道施工是安全的。运用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立数值分析模型,分析了压力溶腔存在对防突层竖向位移以及受力的影响,进而判定防突层稳定性。结果表明:当压力溶腔与隧道临空面实际岩层厚度大于防突层最小安全厚度时,不会威胁隧道施工安全,但溶腔存在时防突层竖向位移和竖向应力均有增大趋势,考虑施工扰动因素建议施工中应加强溶腔处位移监测,及时反馈信息,确保施工安全。研究结果可为岩溶隧道施工提供借鉴。     

变速运动锥体超空泡形状分析与预测

研究了锥体空化器变速运动时非定常自然超空化流问题。基于势流理论,通过在对称轴上分布奇点(源和汇)的方法,建立了变速运动超空泡的积分方程。应用时间有限差分离散化方法,对问题进行了数值求解。分析了锥体空化器在做变速运动时(如速度脉冲变化、加速或减速等),超空泡长度和形状的非定常变化规律。同时,对基于本文方法得到的结果与已有理论的计算结果作了定性比较。本文的分析和预测结果可望为水下航行体空化器的分析与设计起到指导和数据参考作用。     

The effect of free surface on cloud cavitating flow around a blunt body

In this study, the effect of the free surface on the cloud cavitating flow around a blunt body is investigated based on the water tank experiment and the CFD method. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data, and the mesh independence of the methods is verified. The cavity evolution process includes the cavity growth, the re-entrant jet, the cavity shedding, and the collapse, which can all be observed from the water tank experiment. The effects of the free surface on the cavity length, the thickness, and the cavity evolution period are analyzed by comparing the difference between the cavitating flows on the upper and lower sides of the body. This study also examines the effect of the distance between the free surface and the model through a series of water tank experiments and numerical simulations. The cavity stability and asymmetry, as well as the thickness and the velocity of the re-entrant jet inside the cavity, which varies with the submerged depth, are discussed with consideration of the effect of the free surface. The effect of the free surface on the cavitating flow around the blunt body is enhanced with the decrease of the submerged depth.     

寒区抽水蓄能电站冰冻库容设计方法探讨

基于二重积分定义给出了抽水蓄能电站冰冻库容计算公式,其中的冰厚计算在分析水库冰情影响因素的基础上,考虑电站运行的影响,采用多元回归方法得到了我国北方寒区抽水蓄能电站最大冰厚计算方法.在总结我国北方已建抽水蓄能电站水库冰情分布特性的基础上,采用离散化方法将库面结冰区域分为厚冰区和薄冰区,提出一种实用的冰冻库容设计计算方法...     

THE WALL EFFECT ON VENTILATED CAVITATING FLOWS IN CLOSED CAVITATION TUNNELS

For ventilated cavitating flows in a closed water tunnel, the wall effect may exert an important influence on cavity shape and hydrodynamics, An isotropic mixture multiphase model was established to study the wall effect based on the RANS equations, coupled with a natural cavitation model and the RNG k-ε turbulent model. The governing equations were discretized using the finite volume method and solved by the Gauss-Seidel linear equation solver on the basis of a segregation algorithm. The algebraic multigrid approach was carried through to accelerate the convergence of solution. The steady ventilated cavitating flows in water tunnels of different diameter were simulated for a conceptual underwater vehicle model which had a disk cavitator. It is found that the choked cavitation number derived is close to the approximate solution of natural cavitating flow for a 3-D disk. The critical ventilation rate falls with decreasing diameter of the water tunnel. However, the cavity size and drag coeflicient are rising with the decrease in tunnel diameter for the same ventilation rate, and the cavity size will be much different in water tunnels of different diameter even for the same ventilated cavitation number.     

Numerical analyses of ventilated cavitation over a 2-D NACA0015 hydrofoil using two turbulence modeling methods

The present paper studies the ventilated cavitation over a NACA0015 hydrofoil by numerical methods. The corresponding cavity evolutions are obtained at three ventilation rates by using the level set method. To depict the complicated turbulent flow structure, the filter-based density corrected model(FBDCM) and the modified partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(MPANS) model are applied in the present numerical analyses. It is indicated that the predicted results of the cavitation shedding dynamics by both turbulence models agree fairly well with the experimental data. It is also noted that the shedding frequency and the super cavity length predicted by the MPANS method are closer to the experiment data as compared to that predicted by the FBDCM model. The simulation results show that in the ventilated cavitation, the vapor cavity and the air cavity have the same shedding frequency. As the ventilated rate increases, the vapor cavity is depressed rapidly. The cavitation-vortex interaction in the ventilated cavitation is studied based on the vorticity transport equation(VTE) and the Lagrangian coherent structure(LCS). Those results demonstrate that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms are highly dependent on the evolution of the cavitation. In addition, from the LCSs and the tracer particles in the flow field, one may see the process from the attached cavity to the cloud cavity.     

太原地区大气降雨的氢氧同位素特征研究

大气降雨中氢氧同位素特征的研究是利用同位素理论研究水循环的基础。为了研究太原地区大气降雨的水汽来源、当地大气降水线及降雨过程中的蒸发效应,利用观测数据对太原地区大气降雨中氢氧同位素特征进行了分析。结果表明:在当地季风气候的影响下,大气降雨中的同位素组成具有明显的季节性变化;氘盈余值的变化范围较大,说明形成当地降雨的水汽来源区的空气湿度变化较大;研究区降雨主要来源于海洋,当地地表水体的蒸发对当地大气降雨几乎无影响;当地大气降水线的斜率小于全球大气降水线,但大于蒸发线,说明雨滴在降落的过程中发生了一定程度的蒸发。研究结果可为太原地区地表-地下水循环的研究提供一定的依据。     

平头圆柱体垂直出水粘性流动的数值模拟

本文用MAC方法求解平头圆柱体垂直出水的粘性流场。液面形状由运动学条件确定。计算结果给出了不同出水高度下的流动图谱、液面形状、流场速度分布、柱体表面压力及粘附在柱体上并被带出水面的流体体积。计算结果还显示,在柱体头部右侧区域存在一个顺时针旋转的旋涡,当柱体不断向上运动时,该旋涡离开物体向外移动,并逐渐消散。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VENTILATED SUPERCAVITIES WITH A DYNAMIC PITCHING MODEL

An investigation of the ventilated supercavitation for a supercavitating vehicle pitching up and down in the supercavity was carded out in a high-speed water tunnel. The emphasis is laid on the understanding of the interaction of the vehicle aft body with the cavity boundary. The flow characteristics were measured and the stability of supercaviting flow with different pitching frequencies and amplitudes was analyzed. In particular, the objectives of this study are to understand the effect of the impact upon the cavity distortion, and to quantify the impact process by investigating the evolution of the pressure inside the cavity and then the loads on the vehicle during the pitching motion. It is also shown that the evolution of the pressure detected in different,as inside the supercavity, is coherent and uniform during the periods of the pitching motion. This study is of direct relevance to reliable and accurate prediction of hydrodynamic loads associated with the slamming and impact on supercavitating vehicles.