Phosphorus and nitrogen loading to Lake Huron from septic systems at Grand Bend,ON

Groundwater nutrient loading to L. Huron was assessed along a 1.7 km section of beach at Grand Bend, ON, Canada, where septic systems are used for wastewater disposal. The artificial sweetener acesulfame (ACE) was detected in all groundwater samples (7–842 ng/L, n = 78), revealing that the entire surficial aquifer was impacted by septic system wastewater. Nitrate concentrations (3.5 ± 1.4 mg/L, n = 78) were correlated with ACE (r² = 0.54), indicating that septic systems contribute to nitrate loading in the aquifer. Chloride was also elevated (37 ± 11 mg/L, n = 78), but was not correlated with ACE (r² = 0.008), indicating a non wastewater source was dominant, likely road salt. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) values were low (5.3 ± 9.3 μg/L, n = 77) and were not correlated with ACE (r² = 0.006). Sediment profiling below two of the septic system drain-fields, showed that the sand grains had distinct secondary coatings containing P, indicating that mineral precipitation reactions played a role in limiting P concentrations present in the aquifer. Groundwater nutrient loading to the lake was estimated at 13,000 kg N/year from NO₃^? and 1.9 kg P/year from SRP. These amounts are insignificant compared to nutrient loading from a stream that drains an agricultural catchment and discharges to the lake at the north end of the study site (Parkhill Creek). This calls into question, in some cases, the rationale of decommissioning properly functioning septic systems as a mitigation measure for reducing nutrient loading to nearby water courses.     

Water quality trends in Hamilton Harbour: Two decades of change in nutrients and chlorophyll a

Systematic water quality research and monitoring has been on-going in Hamilton Harbour since 1987 in response to the Remedial Action Plan (RAP) for this Area of Concern (AOC). Here we present a spatio-temporal analysis of water quality in the harbour and its biological response from 1987 to 2007. Overall nutrient concentrations have decreased by 16 (SRP), 26 (NH_3-Tot) and 36% (TP) in the harbour, chl a concentrations have decreased by 16% and NO_3/2 concentrations have increased by 27%. Hypoxia in the hypolimnion of Hamilton Harbour remains a common occurrence despite improvements in surface water quality conditions. Seasonal patterns in water quality in Hamilton Harbour are mainly driven by biological activity and show typical patterns observed in dimictic nutrient rich lakes. There is systematic spatial variability in water quality in the harbour which is related to the proximity of point and non-point sources; however, there is coherence among all stations sampled and similar temporal trends were observed for all stations. The biological response in the harbour suggests that phosphorus limited algal growth is becoming more prevalent in Hamilton Harbour and the rate of improvements in water quality should accelerate in the near future following further reductions in phosphorus loadings.     

Groundwater-surface water interactions and agricultural nutrient transport in a Great Lakes clay plain system

Nutrient export from agricultural land to surface waters is a significant environmental concern within the Great Lakes Basin (GLB). A field-based watershed-scale study was completed to investigate spatial and temporal variations of phosphorus and nitrate to assess nutrient transport pathways and groundwater-surface water interactions in an agriculturally dominated clay plain system. This was conducted in the 127 km² Upper Parkhill Watershed, near Lake Huron in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Data collection occurred from June 2018 to May 2019 via continuous sensor deployment and discrete sampling of stream water, groundwater, hyporheic zone, and tile drainage water. Samples were analyzed for various nutrient species (total, total dissolved, soluble reactive, and particulate phosphorus, and nitrate-N) to examine the hydrological dynamics of principal transport pathways of agriculturally-derived nutrients. Total phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in stream water ranged from 0.007 to 0.324 mg/L and 0.32 to 13.13 mg NO₃^?-N/L, respectively. Tile drainage water total phosphorous concentrations varied from 0.006 to 0.066 mg/L. Groundwater total dissolved phosphorus concentrations ranged from <0.003 to 0.085 mg/L. Transport of phosphorus through tile drainage was observed to be greater than through groundwater over the study period. No distinct relationship was observed between nutrient concentrations in the hyporheic zone and the vertical hydraulic gradient within this zone in the studied stream reach. Preliminary correlations were discerned between water quality observations and recognized land management practices. Given the elevated stream nutrient concentrations, these results are consequential for the continual improvement of strategies and programs devised to conserve water resources within the GLB.     

芦苇占优势农田溪流营养盐滞留能力分析与评估

2014年9月—2015年4月,在合肥地区二十埠河流域的某一典型农田源头溪流段,选择以Na Cl为保守示踪剂,NH4Cl和KH2PO4为添加营养盐,采用恒速连续投加的方式,开展了7次野外现场示踪试验。在此基础上,利用OTIS模型和营养螺旋原理,从机制层面分析和评估芦苇占优势农田源头溪流氮磷营养盐滞留能力和滞留特征。结果表明,该芦苇占优势渠段的比值As/A明显超过一般源头溪流水体,暂态存储对于营养盐滞留有较大影响;NH4+和SRP的暂态存储区营养盐一阶吸收系数都较主流区高一个数量级,且所有吸收系数均为正值,表明芦苇占优势渠段具有氮、磷"汇"的功能;NH4+吸收长度明显低于SRP,特别是冬季和初春,意味着溪流对于NH4+的滞留能力超过SRP;NH4+和SRP的总滞留率分别为14.46%和10.73%,生物滞留率平均值分别为9.17%和3.67%;主流区流动水体和暂态存储区对于NH4+滞留的平均贡献率分别为43.12%、56.88%;对于SRP滞留的平均贡献率分别50.13%、49.87%。     

Effects of temperature and nutrients on phytoplankton biomass during bloom seasons in Taihu Lake

Long-term variations of phytoplankton chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), nutrients,and suspended solids (SS) in Taihu Lake, a large shallow freshwater lake in China, during algal bloom seasons from May to August were analyzed using the monthly investigated data from 1999 to 2007. The effective accumulated water temperature (EAWT) in months from March to June was calculated with daily monitoring data from the Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research (TLLER).The concentrations of Chl-a and nutrients significantly decreased from Meiliang Bay to Central Lake. Annual averages of the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and Chl-a concentrations, and EAWT generally increased in the nine years. In Meiliang Bay, the concentration of Chl-a was significantly correlated with EAWT, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N ), TN, the soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP),TP, and SS. In Central Lake, however, the concentration of Chl-a was only correlated with EAWT, TP, and SS. Multiple stepwise linear regression revealed that EAWT, dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), and TP explained 99.2% of the variation of Chl-a in Meiliang Bay, and that EAWT, NH4+-N, and TP explained 98.7% of the variation of Chl-a in Central Lake. Thus EAWT is an important factor influencing the annual change of phytoplankton biomass. Extreme climate change, such as extremely hot springs or cold springs, could cause very different bloom intensities in different years. It is also suggested that both nutrients and EAWT played important roles in the growth of phytoplankton in Taihu Lake. The climate factors and nutrients dually controlled the risk of harmful algal blooms in Taihu Lake. Cutting down phosphorus and nitrogen loadings from catchments should be a fundamental strategy to reduce the risk of blooms in Taihu Lake.     

Internal nutrient flux in an inland water supply reservoir, New South Wales, Australia

Nutrient dynamics at the water–sediment interface in the Suma Park Reservoir, Australia, was assessed under simulated laboratory conditions using intact sediment cores. This laboratory experiment demonstrated that the nutrient influx between the sediment and the water column, in both oxic and anoxic environments, contributed substantially to the total nutrient budget and overall recycling of the biologically available nutrients in the reservoir. This study also confirmed that the bottom sediments act as a source of ammonium‐nitrogen (NH₄‐N) and filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP), but function as a sink for nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N). Extrapolation of the experiment data revealed that the highest nutrient flux was obtained under a summer‐anoxic incubation, with the internal loads of FRP and NH₄‐N accounting for ≈ 365% and 338% of their external annual loads, respectively. The internal loss of NO₃‐N from the summer anoxic incubation was ≈ 7% of its external annual load. The temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were the most important factors influencing the nutrient flux and internal loading. Denitrification was believed to be an eminent route of nitrate loss from the reservoir.     

表面流人工湿地不同植物及其组合净化污水处理厂尾水研究

为提高表面流人工湿地对低污染水的生态净化效率,对人工湿地中湿生植物的组成进行比选研究,设置8个由不同湿生植物(包括挺水、沉水和浮叶植物)组成的表面流人工湿地,比较其净化尾水氮磷效果。结果表明:挺水植物圆币草(Hydrocotyle verticillata)和大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)组合的表面流人工湿地净化尾水氮磷效果最好,其人工湿地对TN、NO-3-N和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为68.6%、62.6%和78.2%,对TP和溶解性无机磷(DIP)的平均去除率分别为64.5%和80%。浮叶植物睡莲(Nymphaea L.)人工湿地去除氮磷能力次之,TN、NO-3-N、NH3-N、TP和DIP平均去除率分别为55%、55.2%、63.3%、56.1%和64.7%,体现一定的污染物去除潜力。沉水植物苦草[Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara]在与圆币草等共存净化尾水过程中逐渐失去优势种地位。而由黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)和再力花(Thalia dealbata)等挺水植物构建的表面流人工湿地,虽然生物量高,但其氮磷去除效果较差,尤其是再力花人工湿地对TN、NO-3-N和NH3-N平均去除率仅在18%~36.2%之间,对TP和DIP平均去除率也分别只有41.5%和38.7%。因此,采用圆币草和大聚藻组合构建的表面流人工湿地能更有效净化污水处理厂尾水中氮磷,对TN的去除尤为高效,能有效提升尾水水质。     

Trends in Total Phosphorus in Canadian Near–Shore Waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes: 1976–1999

Beginning as early as 1976 at many locations, total phosphorus concentrations (TP) were measured weekly in samples collected year-round in the intake water of 18 municipal water treatment plants in Canadian (Ontario) waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. No consistent long-term trends were evident at two north-shore Lake Superior sampling locations, but there were significant long-term declines in TP measured at all three Lake Huron locations; however, concentrations there have remained relatively constant during the past decade. Declines in TP averaging about 1 μg/L/yr during 1976 to 1990 were prevalent at lower Great Lakes sampling locations and by the early 1990s TP had declined to 15–25 μg/L in Lake Erie and 10–20 μg/L in Lake Ontario. Declines generally levelled out in Lake Ontario after 1990, but TP increased substantially at some Lake Erie locations in the late 1990s. Recent (1996 to 1999) total phosphorus concentrations in north-shore Lake Erie locations in the range of 20 to 30 μg/L were 2 to 3 times higher than at Lake Ontario near-shore locations in the 8 to 11 μg/L range. Rates of decline of TP were generally highest for the March–April period (−1.88, −1.61, and −1.34 μg/L/yr in Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron, respectively for 1976 to 1990). The March–April Lake Ontario near-shore rate of TP decline was nearly twice as high as that reported previously for off-shore Lake Ontario (attributed to proximity to P loading sources and to lower net sedimentation losses of P in the near-shore environment). There were substantial declines in chlorophyll-to-TP ratios and in the slopes and Y-intercepts of chlorophyll-TP regressions for both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario following the establishment of dreissenid mussels.     

Convergence of trophic state and the lower food web in Lakes Huron,Michigan and Superior

Signs of increasing oligotrophication have been apparent in the open waters of both Lake Huron and Lake Michigan in recent years. Spring total phosphorus (TP) and the relative percentage of particulate phosphorus have declined in both lakes; spring TP concentrations in Lake Huron are now slightly lower than those in Lake Superior, while those in Lake Michigan are higher by only about 1 μg P/L. Furthermore, spring soluble silica concentrations have increased significantly in both lakes, consistent with decreases in productivity. Transparencies in Lakes Huron and Michigan have increased, and in most regions are currently roughly equivalent to those seen in Lake Superior. Seasonality of chlorophyll, as estimated by SeaWiFS satellite imagery, has been dramatically reduced in Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, with the spring bloom largely absent from both lakes and instead a seasonal maximum occurring in autumn, as is the case in Lake Superior. As of 2006, the loss of cladocerans and the increased importance of calanoids, in particular Limnocalanus, have resulted in crustacean zooplankton communities in Lake Huron and Lake Michigan closely resembling that in Lake Superior in size and structure. Decreases in Diporeia in offshore waters have resulted in abundances of non-dreissenid benthos communities in these lakes that approach those of Lake Superior. These changes have resulted in a distinct convergence of the trophic state and lower food web in the three lakes, with Lake Huron more oligotrophic than Lake Superior by some measures.     

Winter application of manure on an agricultural watershed and its impact on downstream nutrient fluxes

Whole Farm Planning was instituted and monitored over a 5-year period within the Graywood Gully sub-watershed of Conesus Lake, NY (USA). An array of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) (strip cropping, fertilizer reduction, tiling, manure disposal practices, etc.) were simultaneously introduced to determine the impact of a concentrated management effort on nutrient and soil loss from one watershed within the Conesus Lake catchment. During the study period, significant decreases in winter concentrations of dissolved and particulate fractions, including total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and nitrate (NO₃) but not total suspended solids (TSS), were observed. These decreases may or may not be attributed to cessation of manuring practices. Three years into the study, an opportunity existed to test the responsiveness of the watershed to the curtailment of a single BMP — winter manure application to fields. We field-tested the hypothesis that a change in winter manure applications would impact dissolved and particulate fractions in stream water draining this watershed. We found that the water quality of Graywood Gully is very responsive to winter manure application on environmentally sensitive portions of the sub-watershed. With the short-term resumption of manure application, TP, SRP, TKN, and NO₃ concentrations rose dramatically in stream water; elevated phosphorus concentrations persisted over a 5-week period. Total suspended solids, however, were not elevated after short-term manure application. Factors that affected these results were slope of the land, application of manure over snow and during a snowfall, warm air and soil temperatures, and possibly tile drainage of snowmelt water. Managers of agricultural systems must recognize that phosphorus losses from the watershed during the nongrowing season may detrimentally affect nuisance population of algae in lakes during the summer.     

Seasonal nutrient export dynamics in a mixed land use subwatershed of the Grand River,Ontario, Canada

Algal blooms in the Great Lakes are a concern due to excess nutrient loading from non-point sources; however, there is uncertainty over the relative contributions of various non-point sources under different types of land use in rural watersheds, particularly over annual time scales. Four nested subwatersheds in Southern Ontario, Canada (one natural woodlot, two agricultural and one mixed agricultural and urban) were monitored over one year to identify peak periods (‘hot moments’) and areas (‘hot spots’) of nutrient (dissolved reactive phosphorus, DRP; total phosphorus, TP; and nitrate, NO₃⁻) export and discharge. Annual nutrient export was small at the natural site (0.001 kg DRP ha⁻¹; 0.004 kg TP ha⁻¹; 0.04 kg NO₃^—N ha⁻¹) compared to the agricultural and mixed-use sites (0.10–0.15 kg DRP ha⁻¹; 0.70–0.94 kg TP ha⁻¹; 9.15–11.55 kg NO₃^—N ha⁻¹). Temporal patterns in P concentrations were similar throughout the sites, where spring was the dominant season for P export, irrespective of land use. Within the Hopewell Creek watershed, P and N hot spots existed that were consistently hot spots across all events with the location of these hot spots driven by local land use patterns, where there was elevated P export from a dairy-dominated sub-watershed and elevated N export from both of the two agricultural sub-watersheds. These estimates of seasonal- and event-based nutrient loads and discharge across nested sub-watersheds contribute to the growing body of evidence demonstrating the importance of identifying critical areas and periods in which to emphasize management efforts.     

The DPSIR Approach for an Integrated River Management Framework. A Preliminary Application on a Mediterranean Site (Kalamas River -NW Greece)

The European Water Policy introduced the necessity to apply new methodological approaches for the sustainable management of water resources. In the present paper the Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was developed as a methodological tool for the case study of Kalamas River basin (NW Greece). According to the DPSIR approach, it was revealed that the main driving forces, leading to pressures, were the agriculture, the livestock and the numerous point-pollution sources located at the catchment area. Elevated nutrients concentrations (NO₃-N:0.1–2.6 mg/L, NH₄-N:0.01–1.29 mg/L, SRP: 0.03–5.76 mg/L) along with high chlorophyll-a values (0.54–6.14 mg/m³) highlight river eutrophication. Response actions include elimination of diffuse pollution as well as reduction of the organic load through the optimization of the existed treatment plants. Since several parts of Kalamas River are designated as protected areas, specific measures for protecting biodiversity should be undertaken.     

Then and now: Revisiting nutrient export in agricultural watersheds within southern Ontario’s lower Great Lakes basin

An enhanced understanding of nonpoint source (NPS) nutrient export to the lower Great Lakes is needed to inform land use and land management decisions within southern Ontario. However, this understanding is limited by a lack of long-term, temporally-intensive monitoring. To address this knowledge gap, we revisit six agriculturally-dominated subwatersheds in southern Ontario, which were intensively studied during the mid-1970s, to assess changes in hydrology and NPS nutrient contributions. We compared 1975–1977 to 2016–2018 stream runoff, nutrient export (kg/day∙km²), and flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), total nitrogen (TN), nitrates (NO₃^–+NO₂^–) and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN). Relative to the 1970s, runoff increased at three of six watersheds (by ~20–35%) while TP and TDP export increased at five watersheds (by ~50–125%). The increases in TP and TDP FWMCs were lower relative to phosphorus export changes at the three watersheds with increased runoff, suggesting that hydrology is an important driver of phosphorus export at these sites. Interestingly, export of TN and nitrates increased while TKN export decreased at most watersheds. We further note a shift in the timing of nutrient export at most sites, with ~40–70% of export now occurring during the winter and fall seasons whereas ~40–85% of past export occurred during spring and summer. These findings support an enhanced importance of non-growing season nutrient export from agricultural watersheds since the mid-1970s and stresses the need for targeted best management practices specific to the fall and winter seasons.     

Water quality response to a pulsed‐flow event on the Mokelumne river,California

Controlled water releases from reservoirs (i.e. artificial floods) are used as a management technique to remove fine sediments and detrital materials from spawning gravels, mobilize gravel bars and clear encroaching brush from stream banks. The effects of a managed release event on water quality were investigated on the lower Mokelumne River in the western Sierra Nevada, California. The managed release was characterized by an increase in flow over a 4‐day period (from 11 to 57 m³ s⁻¹). Automatic pump samplers were used to collect samples for water quality from 0.7, 16.4, 37.4 and 54.4 km below Camanche Dam. These sampling sites provided water quality data for three distinct stream reaches: a gravel and sand‐textured substrate reach (0.7–16.4 km), a reach characterized by lentic conditions associated with a small reservoir (16.4–37.4 km), and fine sand and silt‐textured substrate reach (37.4–54.4 km). Water samples were analysed for total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen, ammonium (NH₄‐N), nitrate (NO₃‐N), total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), foecal coliforms and E. coli. Chemographs for all constituents exhibited spikes in concentration with each increase in streamflow for the rising limb. Fluxes of TSS, total P and total N released from the 0.7 to 16.4 km reach were 322, 0.32 and 0.70 Mg, respectively. The small reservoir acted as a sink for particulate materials retaining about 50% of TSS, 48% of total P and 43% of total N. However, the reservoir acted as a source of dissolved nutrients (NO₃‐N = 0.28 Mg and SRP = 0.055 Mg). The stream reach below the reservoir (37.4 to 54.4 km) was a source of particulate materials, dissolved nutrients and bacteria, possibly due to agricultural and urban inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Summer phytoplankton nutrient limitation in Maumee Bay of Lake Erie during high-flow and low-flow years

Algal production in Maumee Bay in western Lake Erie is highly affected by inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the Maumee River, which drains predominantly agricultural lands, leading to the formation of cyanobacterial blooms. In a 3-year study, precipitation and discharge ranged from relatively low (2012) to relatively high (2011) with corresponding changes in the size of the cyanobacterial bloom. This study aimed to quantify the relation between river discharge and algal nutrient limitation in Maumee Bay. During the summer growing seasons, 20 nutrient enrichment bioassays were performed to determine which nutrient (P or N) might limit phytoplankton growth; and ambient N and P concentrations were monitored. The bioassays suggested that phytoplankton growth shifted from P-limited to N-limited during summer of the low and intermediate discharge years (2012 and 2010, respectively), whereas during the high discharge year (2011) phytoplankton were nutrient-replete before becoming N-limited. Phosphorus-replete growth during the high discharge year likely was due to high P loads from the river and dissolved P concentrations greater than 1 μmol/L. Symptoms of N-limited growth occurred during August and September in all three years and during July of 2012 when NO₃⁻ plus NH₄⁺ concentration was less than 7.29 μmol/L suggesting low or no correspondence between N-limitation and size of the cyanobacterial bloom. Occurrence of a relatively small cyanobacterial bloom in 2012 following the record-breaking bloom in 2011 suggests the possibility of fast-reversal of eutrophication in Maumee Bay if P loading from the watershed could be decreased.     

Nutrient concentrations and loadings in the St. Clair River–Detroit River Great Lakes Interconnecting Channel

Long-term (2001–2015) water quality monitoring data for the St. Clair River are presented with data from studies in the Detroit River in 2014 and 2015 to provide the most complete information available about nutrient concentrations and loadings in the Lake Huron–Lake Erie interconnecting corridor. Concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in the St. Clair River have reflected declines in Lake Huron. We demonstrate that St. Clair River TP concentrations are higher than offshore Lake Huron values. The recent average (2014 and 2015) incoming TP load from the upstream Great Lakes is measured here to be 980 metric tonnes per annum (MTA), which is roughly three times greater than previous estimates. Significant TP load increases are also indicated along the St. Clair River. We treat the lower Detroit River as three channels to sample water quality as part of a two year monitoring campaign that included winter sampling and SRP in the parameter suite. We found concentrations of many parameters are higher near the shorelines, with the main Mid-River channel resembling water quality upstream measured at the mouth of the St. Clair River. Comparison with past estimates indicates both concentrations and loadings of TP have dramatically declined since 2007 in the Trenton Channel, while those in the Mid-River and in the Amherstburg Channel have remained similar or have possibly increased. The data demonstrate that the TP load exiting the mouth of the Detroit River into Lake Erie is currently in the range of 3740 (in 2014) to 2610 (2015) MTA.     

农田排水沟渠底泥-间隙水-上覆水氮磷迁移转化规律研究

研究氮磷在底泥、上覆水以及两者间交换介质-间隙水三者之间的迁移转化规律对控制农业面源污染具有重要科学意义。本研究对降雨和无降雨情况下氮磷在沟渠底泥、间隙水和上覆水间的迁移转化规律进行了分析;同时,对扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下底泥颗粒的微观形貌进行了观测。结果表明:在水稻生长前期氮磷被吸附贮存在底泥中,中后期被再次释放出来;在整个水稻生长期内,间隙水的总氮、总磷浓度约为上覆水的3.1和6.5倍,氮主要以NH_4~+-N形式存在;在降雨过程中,沟渠底泥成为氮磷释放的源,NH_4~+-N为氮的主要迁移形态,上覆水中NH_4~+-N逐渐向NO_3~--N转化,颗粒态氮磷对TN、TP流失有较大影响;沟渠底泥颗粒表面粗糙、具有一定的微孔结构,为底泥吸附氮磷提供了条件。     

上海市淀山湖水域春夏季水质特征及环境容量分析

根据2011-2015年间春夏季对上海市淀山湖水域中pH、水温、溶解氧、总氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮及总磷等环境因子的调查结果,分析水体中氮磷变化特征及营养盐限制状态,采用综合营养状态指数法对水体富营养化现状进行评价,利用数学模型估算淀山湖主要特征污染物的环境容量。结果表明:调查期间TN、TP春季与夏季存在显著差异,除2014年TP季节规律不明显外,春季TN、TP含量显著高于同年夏季;淀山湖三态氮含量排序,NO_3~-—N含量最高,TAN其次,NO-2—N最低,淀山湖水域三态氮基本达到热力学平衡;氮磷Pearson相关性分析表明湖库整体呈氧化性环境,氮磷补给具有异源性。根据水中营养物限制性分类标准分析得出,大多数情况下淀山湖水域氮磷比例合理,少数情况下营养盐限制状态以磷限制为主,氮磷限制状态交替存在的情况,可能会对浮游植物生长和群落演替产生影响。综合营养状态指数法计算结果表明调查期间淀山湖均处于富营养化状态,其中2014年之前基本处于中度富营养化状态,2014年以后处于轻度富营养化状态。环境容量分析表明除2014年夏季CODMn外,调查期间淀山湖水体CODMn、TN及TP的污染负荷现状均大于同期保护目标要求的水环境容量,为达到水环境保护的目标,需要进行不同程度的削减。     

生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究

农田养分的大量流失已成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,生态塘兼具排水和生态湿地双重功效,研究其对稻田排水氮磷的拦截效应对于防治农业非点源污染具有重要意义。针对降雨径流条件下生态塘对降雨径流中氮磷的动态拦截效应以及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应有待明了的需求,本文选取太湖西岸何家浜流域典型农田作为研究对象,并将该区域的塘堰改造为生态塘,研究了生态塘对水稻生长期内的三场降雨径流氮磷的拦截去除效果及降雨径流结束后氮磷在静水中的去除效应。研究结果表明:(1)在三场降雨过程中,生态塘对总氮(TN)的平均去除率为34.7%,总磷(TP)的平均去除率为34.8%;(2)生态塘对降雨径流中不同形态氮磷的去除率大小排序为氨氮(NH_4~+-N)颗粒态氮(PN)硝态氮(NO_3~--N),颗粒态磷(PP)溶解态磷(DP),且径流状态下水体垂向分层氮磷浓度分布随降雨进行而变化,总体分布规律为底层氮磷浓度大于表层氮磷浓度;(3)降雨径流结束后,TN在生态塘中的去除率为50.4%,TP在生态塘中的去除率为52.3%,塘2对TN、TP的去除率大于塘1与塘3,生态塘表现了较强的抗冲击自修复性。     

改良型人工快渗系统脱氮除磷效果研究

人工快渗(CRI)系统是一种广为人知的无动力生态处理技术措施,但传统CRI系统存在对氮、磷去除率普遍较低的问题。本研究采用海绵铁、沸石、火山岩、红壤土和杂沙作为填料,构建了一个改良型CRI系统,在水力负荷为1 m~3/(m~3·d)的条件下,以实际生活污水为试验进水,进行为期20天的试验。实验结果表明,该系统在运行16天后出水TP、TN和NH_3-N浓度均趋于稳定,稳定后出水平均浓度分别为0.21 mg/L、8.38 mg/L和2.34 mg/L,能分别满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准的0.5 mg/L、15 mg/L和5 mg/L的限值。TP、TN和NH3-N三项指标的总平均去除率为84.44%,远高于传统CRI系统的44.06%总平均去除率。该研究成果为治理农村生活污水提供了一项行之有效的生态治理技术措施。