风力影响下湖泊湍流特征及其对湖泊污染沉积物影响研究

湖泊水体内的悬浮物浓度是衡量水质的重要参数,悬浮物浓度则受到湖底沉积物的悬浮沉降过程影响。本次试验测量风速影响下淡水湖泊中的切应力以及湍流动能等参数的变化,并建立风速与悬浮物浓度、切应力、湍流动能的拟合曲线,计算得到底泥起悬时的临界风速值为4.5 m/s,影响沉积物悬浮的切应力主要为波切应力,湍流动能与切应力和悬浮物浓度均呈正相关关系。试验结果可为淡水湖泊水质治理提供参考。     

太湖湍流特征及其对表层沉积物起悬机制的影响

太湖是一个典型的浅水大湖泊且富营养化严重,动力扰动引起的水-土界面沉积物起悬与太湖蓝藻水华的暴发有密切联系。基于声学多普勒流速仪、OBS浊度仪、pH-ⅡHandheld手持式气象站等仪器监测得到的原位高频气象、水动力、水质同步数据,分析了湖泊水-土界面悬浮物浓度与风速、切应力及湍流特征的关系。研究结果表明:观测期间,湖心区底泥沉积物再悬浮过程中由波切应力起主导作用,观测的切应力临界值为0.08 N/m~2,临界风速为4 m/s。底泥再悬浮主要是由拟序结构中短时内间歇性猝发引起的,短时大振幅事件对底泥垂向扩散起关键作用。研究结果可为进一步研究与湍流密切相关的太湖内源释放发生机制提供参考。     

水动力作用下太湖底泥的再悬浮通量

对太湖梅梁湾水体开展了两次野外实验，利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物，研究了太湖悬浮物的沉降特征，计算了悬浮物的沉降通量和再悬浮通量，并建立了其与风速的关系。结果表明：太湖无机颗粒沉降是悬浮物沉降的主要形式。太湖平均风速在8m/s以内时，总悬浮物、有机物颗粒和无机物颗粒的沉降通量和再悬浮通量均呈现随风速增大而增大的特性，风速大小直接影响悬浮物在垂向的分布及垂向的沉降通量分布，并且相关性较好。该结论说明Gansith公式法适合于计算太湖再悬浮通量。     

太湖湖流、波浪、沉积物的三维数值模拟

运用ECOMSED模拟风速为6.5 m/s定常东南风作用下太湖流场及波浪场,对模型的适用性及可靠性进行验证;在此基础上进行波流共同作用下沉积物再悬浮数值模拟,得出沉积物-水界面切应力及水体中悬浮物浓度分布。结果表明:太湖有效波高范围在9~29 cm之间,有效波高的空间分布与风速、风向和水深有很大的关系,同时波浪对切应力会产生很大影响,而切应力的分布决定了悬浮物浓度的分布,风浪及地形要素是导致太湖悬浮物浓度变化的重要因子。模拟结果与现有实验成果较吻合,说明运用该模型模拟太湖沉积物再悬浮的结果可靠。     

海湾水库突然混合临界风速的预测

以拟建的沐官岛海湾水库为研究对象,从内假潮促使底边界层咸水与表层淡水混合的角度探讨海湾水库突然混合的临界风速。利用Shintani改进的有效韦德伯恩数,结合沐官岛水库地形及分层位置,计算沐官岛水库突然混合的临界风速。风向为NNW时,水体表面最大吹程为3103. 45 m,湖面之上10 m处风速大于20. 5 m/s时,沐官岛水库水体突然混合,同样条件下长方体水库突然混合的临界风速为21.7 m/s;风向为SW时,水体表面最大吹程为3 620. 69 m,水体突然混合的临界风速为22. 7 m/s,同样条件下长方体水库临界风速为19. 6 m/s;风向为SW(由海吹向陆岸)时,虽然沐官岛水库水体表面最大吹程大于风向为NNW(由陆岸吹向海)时的最大吹程,库水却更难发生突然混合,并且在这两个不同的风向下,该水库临界风速与长方体水库临界风速的大小关系相反。     

内外源共同作用对太湖营养盐贡献量研究

本文根据环太湖25条主要入湖河流的监测结果对入湖水量及污染物输入量进行分析,计算了不同季节外源对太湖营养物质的贡献量。分别于春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对太湖梅梁湾水体开展5次野外试验,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物,采用Gansith公式法计算沉积物的再悬浮通量,并建立其与风速的关系;对代表不同风浪作用下的太湖悬浮物进行7次静沉降试验,计算悬浮物的静沉降通量,并建立其与风速关系。以3.7m/s为界对底泥悬浮沉降过程进行分解和概化,并利用近10年的风速资料估算太湖年均内源释放量。计算结果表明,全年外源负荷和内源释放对太湖营养盐的贡献总量COD为24.23万t、总氮为3.80万t、总磷为2 045.20t,其中内源所占比例分别为20.47%,20.44%和13.47%外源、内源对太湖的贡献量在不同季节有较大差异,夏季贡献量最大,春季次之。风浪作用下的COD、TN释放量只相当于外源输入量的25.7%,而TP释放量仅相当于外源输入量的15.6%。外源输入量对营养盐的贡献占据相当高的比重,太湖河道入湖污染负荷的增加是太湖水质恶化的根本原因。     

壳聚糖改性黏土作用下湖泛致黑悬浮物的沉降特性研究

为了探讨湖泛致黑物质在壳聚糖改性黏土作用下的絮凝沉降以及再悬浮的规律,利用柱状水槽再悬浮发生模拟装置,选取壳聚糖改性黏土(1 g/L硅藻土+0.2 g/L壳聚糖)作为絮凝剂,进行了风浪扰动作用下太湖湖泛的絮凝及再悬浮过程的室内模拟试验。结果表明:当模拟流速产生的切应力超过0.042 N/m~2时,低浊度组中的黏土絮体产生了明显的再悬浮现象;当流速产生的切应力超过0.109 N/m~2时,高浊度组发生再悬浮。对比太湖不同风速所产生的切应力,发现4 m/s以下的太湖风情产生的湖流切应力不会使黏土絮体发生再悬浮。研究旨在为太湖湖泛的应急处置提供参考。     

长江口表层沉积物起动试验研究

根据长江口现场采集的短柱状表层沉积物,开展室内U-GEMS试验等,测量并分析了长江口表层沉积物的物理特征与起动能力的分布情况。结果表明:长江口表层沉积物起动能力受粒度与固结程度的综合影响,起动应力多介于0.4～0.65 Pa之间。河口中下游区域,北港中下段表层沉积物含水量较高,起动应力普遍小于0.5 Pa;南槽向口外泥库区方向,表层沉积物含水量逐渐增大,黏土含量增加,起动应力呈减小趋势。口外海滨区域,中值粒径北高南低,含水量分布格局相反,北部起动应力整体大于0.6 Pa,南部30～50 m等深线附近,起动应力低于其东北和西南两侧,该低值区与长江口外现代细颗粒沉积层向海延伸的边缘重合。通过对比试验测量结果与经验公式计算结果,验证了U-GEMS侵蚀系统的较高准确性,该试验方法在河口区的沉积物侵蚀能力研究中具有很好的推广应用前景。     

黄河口水下三角洲冬季床面变化初步观测研究

黄河携带大量泥沙入海,底床沉积物在波、潮、流等水动力条件作用下会不断地发生再悬浮与输运,形成黄河三角洲海底面的动态变化过程。利用自主研发的电阻率探杆三脚架,观测了水动力作用下海床面的侵蚀与淤积过程。研究结果显示,研究区涨落潮过程中海水浊度的变化主要受波高的影响,近底床位置海水浊度的变化趋势是涨潮过程中海水浊度上升,落潮过程中海水浊度降低。侵蚀或淤积是海床面泥沙的再悬浮与悬沙沉降共同作用的结果。研究区冬季的海床面变化以侵蚀为主,当沉降作用强于侵蚀淤积作用时,即使海床所受切应力大于沉积物临界切应力,海床仍发生淤积。     

太湖波动特征分析

浅水湖泊中，富营养化程度除了依赖于外源输入外，内源释放亦是举足轻重，而底泥中的内源释放主要源于风强迫作用下形成的水面波动和底层湖流产生的剪切作用．并且波浪产生的切应力远大于底层湖流产生的切应力。此外．湖岸边界处的波浪作用够侵蚀岸堤，造成泥沙堆积而由此导致航道淤积．波浪作用引起的对水体中营养盐的水平和垂直输送会造成整个湖体中不同地区的水质差异．这也是太湖蓝藻水华爆发具有季节性和区域性的原因之一。本文基于在太湖北部、中部和南部利用波浪仪所观测的数次波浪数据．分别计算了平均波、有效波和1/10大波的周期、波高和波长及其由波浪产生的切应力，并利用验证后的浅水波浪模式．对太湖中冬、夏季盛行风作用下的易悬浮区域做了计算，发现夏季东南风作用下．西北沿岸带由其水浅和风的吹程较大而易引起的底泥悬浮．而冬季受西北风影响时易悬浮区域位于太湖东南部。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。