Log‐Vane Scour in Clear Water Condition

Log‐Vane is a grade‐control structure of common use to stabilize river bed and river banks. The purpose of this paper is to study the scour phenomena downstream of Log‐Vanes in straight rivers. The main goal is to obtain design equations to determine the main scour parameters and the scour morphology. All the experiments have been carried out in a horizontal channel and in clear water conditions. Log‐Vanes made of wood, with different heights and vane angles, were tested. Different hydraulic conditions including densimetric Froude numbers, water drops and tail water values were tested. Results show that the tail water depth is an important variable to determine the maximum scour depth. The vane angle results to be an important parameter to predict the scour parameters. Dimensional analysis allows to derive design equations useful to estimate the maximum scour depth, maximum length of the scour and maximum height and length of the dune. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scour due to rock sills in straight and curved horizontal channels

Scour characteristics and morphologies downstream of rock sills due to channel curvature have been analyzed at the hydraulic laboratory of the University of Pisa. Two series of experiments have been conducted. The first series included tests on scour downstream of rock sills in straight channel. Three different channel bends with different lengths were studied in the second test series. All experiments have been carried out in clear water condition. The results showed that the tailwater depth plays an important role on scour characteristics. In addition, it was experimentally proven that the stream curvature affects the morphology and the maximum scour depth, i.e., an increase of the bend radius causes a decrease in the value of the maximum scour depth. Finally, three scour morphology types have been distinguished. Useful empirical relationships have been proposed in order to evaluate the main features of the scour geometry.     

岸边泄洪洞最大泄量的估算方法

大型水电站泄洪洞单洞泄洪规模是关乎枢纽布置、泄洪安全、以及工程投资的重要技术指标,以往未见量化研究报导。本文从计算泄洪洞挑流水舌挑距与下游河道冲刷深度出发,建立了泄洪洞泄量与下游河道宽度、泄洪洞布置轴线与下游河道夹角、基岩抗冲能力以及泄洪洞运行方式等指标之间的量化关系,对白鹤滩、小湾、溪洛渡、锦屏一级泄洪洞分别进行了定量估算研究,所得结果与工程实际以及相应的设计方案基本一致,表明该估算方法具有较高的可靠性,可用以估算待建工程泄洪洞最大泄量或对已建工程泄洪洞泄洪规模的合理性进行评价。     

某消力池末端河床冲刷治理方案试验研究

对于水闸下游的冲刷防护与治理,一般在方案实施前需要进行物理模型试验验证。通过对某电站典型运行工况进行模拟,反演了冲刷区域的冲刷过程,确定了最大冲刷深度和范围,并在此基础上提出了6种护底方案。通过1〖DK(〗∶〖DK)〗70水工模型试验综合对比不同方案的防冲效果。结果表明：明渠左导墙左侧河床位置铺设2列3.0 m厚、长宽均为9.0 m的混凝土板进行护底时,各项水力学指标较优,既考虑了经济效益又切实控制了河床冲刷范围;同时推算出混凝土板与河床之间的摩擦系数范围为0.20~0.30。研究成果可为类似河床护底修复工程提供科学依据及经验。     

箱形涵洞对河床水沙特性影响的试验研究

以漳河的穿河涵洞为对象,采用物理模型的方法,就3年一遇和50年一遇洪水工况时箱形涵洞所在河道的沿程水位、上下游各断面流速及其下游河床局部冲淤变形等问题进行了试验观测,探讨了箱形涵洞对河床水沙特性的影响。试验表明:在3年一遇和50年一遇洪水工况下,箱形涵洞对上游河床的壅水较少,最大壅水高度分别为0.57m和0.3m;涵洞上游各断面的平均流速较无涵洞时有所减小,且断面横向流速分布曲线更平坦。在迎水面出现了河中心流速较左右岸流速大的现象;在涵洞下游较远的CS8断面的平均流速分别为1.8m/s和3.7m/s,与无涵洞时相差不大;在3年一遇洪水工况下,箱形涵洞洞后能形成Fr=4.52的稳定水跃,使得箱形涵洞下游CS6断面的河床局部冲刷较少,其平均冲刷深度约为0.5m。由此可见,箱形涵洞具有较优的水力条件。     

Specification of Flows for Flushing Surficial Sand from Cobble Riffles

Maintenance of habitat for benthic organisms and fish spawning may require flushing of sand from gravel or cobble river beds. An approach is proposed for specifying both the magnitude and duration of flow necessary to scour sand to a desired depth over a specified length of riffle bed. Scour is assumed to begin at the upstream end of the reach to be flushed and to progress downstream. The flow magnitude necessary for scour to an equilibrium depth was found from previously published laboratory data to be related to the median sand grain size and its movability number (the ratio of shear velocity to settling velocity). The required flow duration is determined by the time for scour to progress over the specified distance. The progression rate was determined through new laboratory experiments to be related to the flow velocity and depth, the distance advanced, the sand movability number and the channel slope. Application of the approach is illustrated by example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of abutment aspect ratio on clear‐water scour in floodplains

Scour around abutments is recognized as one of the main reasons of bridge foundations failure. This paper presents the experimental results of the effects of abutment width and length on the scour development up to its equilibrium condition around 45° wing‐wall setback abutments in a compound channel. The developing scour hole characteristics are tested for three different lengths and widths at different time intervals until its equilibrium scour conditions. The findings showed that the abutment width has a profound effect on the characteristics of the scour hole, contradicting the results of previous studies. Generally, an increase in the relative abutment width leads to a reduction in the scour depth and width. However, the scour length, area, and volume initially increase with an increase in the relative abutment width, L_c/y_f , from 1.33 to 10.67, where L_c is the abutment width and y_f is the floodplain flow depth, and then these characteristics decrease significantly with a much wider abutment, L_c/y_f , from 10.67 to 21.33. Overall, the effects of the abutment width on abutment scour should be accounted. To this end, empirical equations are proposed to predict the scour hole characteristics. Scour data from previous studies are also used to compare with the proposed equations.     

Eco‐Friendly Countermeasures for Enlarged Basins Erosion

Eco‐friendly hydraulic structures (such as block ramps, rock weirs and stepped gabion weir) are generally made of rocks placed in two or more layers on a sloped bed. They are usually used in mountainous rivers to control sediment transport. The downstream stilling basin plays an important role in terms of both energy dissipation and erosion control. In addition, a correct design of the downstream stilling basin can create an optimal habitat for fish species in the river. Therefore, in the present work, an attempt was made to control the scour depth downstream of a block ramp using rock structures. In particular, the analysis was focused on scour characteristics in the presence of a protected and enlarged downstream channel. Namely, an abrupt symmetrically enlarged channel was simulated downstream of block ramps. Eco‐friendly protection structures, such as rock sills, were tested to limit the erosive process. Rock sills were placed transversally at different longitudinal and vertical positions in the stilling basin and scour morphology variations were investigated. Experiments were carried out for two different ratios of the width of the channel to the width of the ramp and three different ramp slopes. Several scour morphologies were distinguished and classified. In addition, empirical relationships were derived, by which it is possible to estimate the main scour geometry characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-approach analysis of maximum riverbed scour depth above subway tunnel

When subway tunnels are routed underneath rivers, riverbed scour may expose the structure, with potentially severe consequences. Thus, it is important to identify the maximum scour depth to ensure that the designed buried depth is adequate. There are a range of methods that may be applied to this problem, including the fluvial process analysis method, geological structure analysis method, scour formula method, scour model experiment method, and numerical simulation method. However, the application ranges and forecasting precision of these methods vary considerably. In order to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of the different methods, a subway tunnel passing underneath a river was selected, and the aforementioned five methods were used to forecast the maximum scour depth. The fluvial process analysis method was used to characterize the river regime and evolution trend, which were the baseline for examination of the scour depth of the riverbed. The results obtained from the scour model experiment and the numerical simulation methods are reliable; these two methods are suitable for application to tunnel projects passing underneath rivers. The scour formula method was less accurate than the scour model experiment method; it is suitable for application to lower risk projects such as pipelines. The results of the geological structure analysis had low precision; the method is suitable for use as a secondary method to assist other research methods. To forecast the maximum scour depth of the riverbed above the subway tunnel, a combination of methods is suggested, and the appropriate analysis method should be chosen with respect to the local conditions.     

Effect of submerged vane on three dimensional flow dynamics and bed morphology in river bend

A series of hydraulic experiments were undertaken in a 180° bend laboratory flume with parabolic erodible bed to simulate the effect of submerged vanes on the flow field and subsequent scour morphology in a river bend. The objective of the study was to investigate the role of submerged vanes in protecting riverbed erosion in a river bend. Parameters responsible for scour and deposition, including the velocity distribution field, bed shear stress, and kinetic energy, are presented. Results indicate that the presence of submerged vanes (a) reduced the maximum velocity along the outer bank of the parabolic riverbed by approximately 23%, and the location of this velocity field shifted from the outer bank of the 150°‐section to a central zone of 40°; (b) reduced the maximum bed shear stress and turbulence by 32% and 19%, respectively, and their locations also changed; and (c) reduced scour depths by up to 40% at the outer bank of the bend. The data obtained from these experiments will aid in the efficient design of riverbed protection works.     

水利枢纽下游河床冲刷与再造过程研究进展

在水利枢纽尤其是水库的拦蓄与调节作用下,下游河道的来水来沙条件显著变化,将导致下游河道不平衡输沙,引起河床冲刷与再造。水利枢纽下游河道的河床冲刷与再造过程,兼具床沙冲刷—粗化—交换—悬移质恢复等多过程耦合的微观水沙运动特性,以及泥沙冲淤—床面形态变化—纵比降改变—河型河势调整等多尺度复杂响应的宏观形态变化。国内外相关研究主要通过实测资料分析、理论研究、实体模型试验和数值模拟等手段,从微观机理和宏观规律2个主要方面开展。归纳和总结了国内外水利枢纽下游河床冲刷与再造过程研究成果,对河床冲刷与再造实体模型试验和数值模拟中的模型沙选择、泥沙恢复饱和系数等关键技术问题的研究进展进行了分析,并指出了需要进一步研究的重点和亟待解决的科技难题。     

河道冲刷和清水水流河床冲刷率

在冲积河流里。水流条件变化如洪水、水库泄放清水、河道渠化等使挟沙力不饱和引起冲刷，称为河道冲刷。这与水工建筑造成的局部冲刷不同。河道冲刷深度主要决定于冲刷率和冲刷历时。本研究通过对各种泥沙大量实验，证明了河床冲刷率正比于水流提供的冲刷功率并依赖于泥沙粒径和容重，首次提出了冲刷率公式。经验证，该公式可以用于非恒定流输沙和河流洪水冲刷计算。     

An environmental flow method applied in small and medium-sized mountainous rivers

In small and medium-sized mountainous rivers, there are usually hydropower stations in upper reaches as well as widened and heightened river sections in downstream reaches that are close to settlements. The environmental flow (EF) ensures river connectivity and the survival of aquatic organisms. The Tennant and wetted perimeter methods were used to calculate the minimum EF, and the R2CROSS criteria were used to evaluate the rationality of hydraulic parameters. The result shows that downstream areas with large cross-sections may suffer from shallow water depths, insufficient wetted perimeters, and poor overall connectivity of the water bodies, even under the standard EF discharges. A novel method was proposed to ensure EF and sustain suitable hydraulic conditions. The minimum EF calculated by the Tennant method is adopted as the design flow, and a small trapezoidal trough channel is excavated on the wide riverbed of an artificial river section. The width and depth of the small channel are calculated with Manning's equation. As a study case, this method was applied in the Fenglingang River in Zhejiang Province of China. A trapezoidal groove with a depth of 0.74 m and a bottom width of 0.52 m was excavated in the center of Fenglingang River to sustain EF and maintain river connectivity. This small channel not only prevents the river from cutoff, but also enables the water depth and wetted perimeter to meet the demand of aquatic organisms.     

信江八字嘴枢纽坝下冲刷计算研究

针对枢纽下游河床冲刷这一水利航运界普遍关注的工程问题,为确保信江八字嘴航电枢纽工程的安全及下游通航条件,基于信江水文基本特性、河床演变特性分析,建立平面二维水沙数学模型,对八字嘴枢纽建成运行后可能引起的坝下冲刷进行了计算研究。结果表明:工程河段地处鄱阳湖影响范围,天然情况下洲滩小幅淤长,河道演变较为稳定,但近年来部分区域频繁的采砂活动造成局部河床显著下切,需要引起高度重视;经过10个水文年冲淤调整后,西大河坝下5 km范围内因大规模采砂作用河床深凹、水深较大,故冲刷幅度相对不大;坝下5～10 km范围冲刷较为明显,冲刷部位主要在河槽,平均冲刷深度约为0. 29～0. 93 m,边滩部分变化很小;东大河由于下游双港枢纽的抬水作用,坝下冲刷幅度整体较小。总体来看,八字嘴枢纽坝下河床冲淤变化的幅度随时间逐渐减小,河道河势基本保持稳定。     

白虎潭水库溢流坝泄洪消能方式研究

白虎潭水库溢流坝采用挑流消能,溢流堰面采用WES堰型.原挑流鼻坎采用常规等宽鼻坎,挑流水舌入水宽度大于下游河床宽度,水流落入下游河道后,落水集中,造成下游河床及岸边冲刷严重.经水工模型试验研究,推荐的台阶式堰面+差动挑坎+边墙末端局部收缩方案,使下泄水流归槽宽度减小、纵向及竖向充分分散,水舌入水面积增大,消能率增加,下游河道消能问题得到了有效地解决.     

溢洪道差动式挑坎水力特性分析和计算探讨

溢洪道差动式挑流鼻坎可增大其挑射水舌的扩散、碰撞、掺气和消能率,从而减轻下游河床的冲刷。目前对差动式挑坎水力特性研究成果仍较少,给工程设计带来极为不便。在现有的文献和成果总结和分析的基础上,开展了差动式挑坎下游河床冲刷特性的试验研究,对差动式挑坎段的水面线、挑射水舌挑距及其下游河床冲刷特性和计算方法进行探讨,并进一步补充了差动式挑坎下游冲刷影响系数与其体型和泄流水力参数的关系。研究成果与水力模型试验结果较吻合,可供类似工程设计和运行参考。     

天然河道丁坝群局部冲刷三维数值模拟

为研究天然河道中丁坝长度对河床的冲刷影响,基于天然河道形状和实际丁坝群布置,提出适用于天然河道形状的丁坝群局部冲刷计算流体力学(CFD)三维数值模拟方法,建立了滦河马良子段丁坝群三维模型。采用RNG k-ε模型模拟计算,用VOF方法进行自由表面的追踪,并对丁坝局部冲刷坑形态及冲刷深度进行了数值模拟。对比实测数据,数值模拟结果与实测结果非常吻合。针对丁坝群中局部冲刷最严重的丁坝,对其长度进行调整,调整后冲坑深度明显改善。     

窄缝式挑坎下游河床冲刷特性研究

溢洪道下游出口设置了窄缝式挑坎之后,增大了其挑射水流的消能率,可明显减轻对下游河床的冲刷.在简要地分析溢洪道窄缝式挑坎体型布置的基础上,根据溢洪道窄缝式挑坎下游河床冲刷的水力模型试验资料,提出了其下游河床冲刷深度的计算式,并给出了相应的算例.本文成果可供类似工程设计和运行参考.     

Scour process caused by multiple subvertical non-crossing jets

The scour process induced by plunging jets is an important topic for hydraulic engineers. In recent decades, several researchers have developed new strategies and methodologies to control the scour morphology, including different jet arrangements and structures located in the stilling basin. It has been found that multiple jets can cause less scouring than single plunging jets. Based on this evidence, this study aimed to investigate the equilibrium morphology caused by multiple non-crossing jets. A dedicated laboratory model was built and experimental tests were carried out under different combinations of jet inclination angles, by varying the tailwater level and the virtual crossing point location, which was set below the original channel bed level. It was experimentally shown that the equilibrium scour morphology depends on the jet discharge, the differences in non-crossing jet inclination angles, the downstream water level, and the distance of the virtual crossing point from the original channel bed level. In particular, the last parameter was found to be one of the most influential parameters, because of the resulting flow patterns inside the water body. Furthermore, the analysis of experimental evidence allowed for a complete and detailed classification of the scour hole typologies. Three different scour typologies were distinguished and classified. Finally, based on previous studies, two novel relationships have been proposed to predict both the maximum scour depth and length within a large range of hydraulic and geometric parameters.