AN EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF A SOLITARY WAVE IMPINGE-MENT,RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING ON A SEAWALL

A sequence of laboratory experiments using solitary waves was performed to model the effect of leading form of three types of tsunamis(a bore,an impinging wave and an overtopping wave)on a seawall on a sloping beach.The wave evolution process,impinging pressure along the seawall surface,total overtopping discharge behind the seawall and the maximum run-up height on the rear slope were measured and compared.Laboratory data were employed to re-examine relevant empirical formulae in the literature.The effect of the presence of the seawall in reducing maximum run-up height using the present setup was briefly discussed.The present data can be used for calibrating numerical and mathematical models.     

THE WAVE-MAKING CHARACTERISTICS OF A MOVING BODY IN A TWOLAYER FLUID

The Wave-making characteristics of a moving body in a two-layer fluid with free surface is investigated numerically and experimentally. The numerical analysis is based on the modified layered boundary integral equation system. The wave characteristics on the free surface and interface generated by a moving sphere and an ellipsoid is numerically simulated in both finite depth and infinite depth of lower layer model. The numerical results of the sphere are compared with the analytical results for a dipole with the same velocity in a two-layer fluid of finite depth. The dependence of the wave systems and structures on the characteristic quantities is discussed. Three kinds of measurement techniques are used in model experiments on the internal waves generated by a sphere advancing in a two-layer fluid. The effects of the varying velocity and stratification on the wavelength, wave amplitudes and the maximum half angles of internal waves are analyzed qualitatively.     

Effects of storm waves on rapid deposition of sediment in the Yangtze Estuary channel

Recent research on short-term topographic change in the Yangtze Estuary channel under storm surge conditions is briefly summarized. The mild-slope, Boussinesq and action balance equations are compared and analyzed. The action balance equation, SWAN, was used as a wave numerical model to forecast strong storm waves in the Yangtze Estuary. The spherical coordinate system and source terms used in the equation are described in this paper. The significant wave height and the wave orbital motion velocity near the bottom of the channel during 20 m/s winds in the EES direction were simulated, and the model was calibrated with observation data of winds and waves generated by Tropical Cyclone 9912. The distribution of critical velocity for incipient motion along the bottom was computed according to the threshold velocity formula for bottom sediment. The mechanism of rapid deposition is analyzed based on the difference between the root-mean-square value of the near-bottom wave orbital motion velocity and the bottom critical tractive velocity. The results show that a large amount of bottom sediments from Hengsha Shoal and Jiuduan Shoal are lifted into the water body when 20 m/s wind is blowing in the EES direction. Some of the sediments may enter the channel with the cross-channel current, causing serious rapid deposition. Finally, the tendency of the storm to induce rapid deposition in the Yangtze Estuary channel zone is analyzed.     

An experimental study of impact loading on deck of shore-connecting jetties exposed to oblique waves and current

The impact pressure from waves is an important issue to be considered in the design of coastal structures. In this paper, the waves acting on the deck of a shore-connecting jetty on a slope exposed to oblique waves and in the presence of current are examined based on laboratory experiments. The impact pressures are measured on a 1：50 scale model of a jetty head with down-standing beams and berthing members. The relations of the impact pressure with the incident wave angle and the current velocity are examined. It is shown that the impact pressure is sensitive to the wave angle and the current velocity. A computational model for the impact load on the deck of shore-connecting jetties exposed to oblique waves and current is developed.     

SOME OBSERVATIONS OF TWO INTERFERING VIV CIRCULAR CYLINDERS OF UNEQUAL DIAMETERS IN TANDEM

Analysis of model test results was carried out to investigate the hydrodynamic interaction between a pair of elastically-supported rigid cylinders of dissimilar diameters in a water flume.The two cylinders are placed in tandem with one situated in the wake of the other.The diameter of the upstream cylinder is twice as large as that of the downstream cylinder.The spacing between the two cylinders ranges from 1 to 10 times the larger cylinder diameter.The Reynolds numbers are within the sub-critical range.The cylinders are free to oscillate in both the in-line and the cross-flow directions.The reduced velocity ranges from 1 to 10 and the low damping ratio of the model test set-up at 0.006 gives a combined mass-damping parameter of 0.02.It is found that the lift on and the cross-flow motion of the downstream cylinder have the frequency components derived from the upstream cylinder’s vortex shedding as well as from its own vortex shedding,and the relative importance of the two sources of excitation is influenced by the spacing between the two cylinders.The downstream cylinder’s VIV response appears to be largely dependent upon the actual reduced velocity of the cylinder.     

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE OFFSHORE NEAR YANGTZE ESTUARY

Based on the Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Modeling System with Sediments （ECOMSED） model, a 3-D hydrodynamic-transport numerical model was established for the offshore area near the Yangtze Estuary in the East China Sea .The hydrodynamic module was driven by tide and wind. Sediment module included sediment resuspension, transport and deposition of cohesive and non-cohesive sediment. The settling of cohesive sediment in the water column was modeled as a fimction of aggregation （flocculation） and deposition. The numerical results were compared with observation data for August, 2006. It shows that the sediment concentration reduces gradually from the seashore to the offshore area. Numerical results of concentration time series in the observation stations show two peaks and two valleys, according with the observation data. It is mainly affected by tidal current. The suspended sediment concentration is related to the tidal current during a tidal cycle, and the maximum concentration appears 1 h-4 h after the current maximum velocity has reached.     

Effect of buried plates on scour profiles downstream of hydraulic jump in open channels with horizontal and reverse bed slopes

Local scour downstream of sluice gates in erosive beds is one of the main concerns of hydraulic engineers because it can cause considerable damage to structures.Many researchers have conducted various studies to predict the maximum depth and length of scour holes and to develop new methods to control this phenomenon.In the methods that have recently been examined,embedded buried plates are used to control the scour in the erosive beds.In this study,using a physical model,the effect of buried plates in erosive beds on the depth of scour downstream of a hydraulic jump was studied.Several experiments were performed in which plates were buried at 50° and 90° angles at different distances from the apron in open channels with horizontal and reverse bed slopes.The results of experiments in which the scour profiles were drawn in dimensionless forms show that the angle and position of the plates are important to controlling and reducing scour depth.In fact,by reducing the angle of buried plates,the maximum depth of scour is also reduced.Also,comparison of the results of a single buried plate and double buried plates shows that using two buried plates at the distances of 30 and 45 cm from the non-erodible bed is more effective in reducing the scour depth.The best distances of the buried plates with angles of 90° and 50° from the non-erodible bed are 45 cm and 30 cm,respectively,in the condition with a single buried plate.     

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON CURRENT GENERATION IN DEEPWATER OFFSHORE BASIN

During the design and construction of the deepwater offshore basin, its current generation system is considered to be one of the key technologies. In this article, the state-of-the-art deepwater offshore basin at Shanghai Jiaotong University was examined as a case study. Different 3-D numerical models of the current generation system were developed and calculated. The uniformity of flow field in the basin, such as horizontal and vertical current velocity profiles, were calculated in detail. Besides, a 1:10 scaled model test was also carried out. The current velocities at different locations in the basin were measured and compared with the calculated results. It is concluded that satisfactory agreement can be resulted between the numerical simulation and model test. In addition, it is suggested that transition sections and turning vanes need to be set in inflow and outflow culverts to improve the uniformity of flow field in the basin. And the hydraulic performance of the deepwater current generation system can meet the requirements of model tests in deep water.     

BOTTOM SHEAR STRESS UNDER WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION

The present work adopts the COHERENS-SWAN model developed by the first author through coupling three-dimensional hydrodynamic model （COHERENS） and third-generation wave model （SWAN）. Inside the COHERENS-SWAN, the SWAN is regarded as a subroutine and the time- and space-varying current velocity and surface elevation are obtained from the COHERENS. Wave-enhanced bottom shear stress, wave induced surface mixing length and wave dependent surface drag coefficient have been introduced into the COHERENS. Secondly, as wave-enhanced bottom shear stress （＂bottom shear stress＂ described as BSS sometimes in this article） is concerned, a modified bottom shear stress Grant and Madsen model which introduces random wave field is given and introduced to COHERENS-SWAN. COHERENS-SWAN is also adopted to simulate three-dimensional flow in the Yellow River Delta with wave-current co-existing. Four numerical experiments were given to study the effects of wave-current interaction on enhancing bottom shear stress. The simulated current velocities, wave height and wave period match well with field measurement data. The simulated significant wave height and wave period for the case with considering the effects of current can give better agreement with measurement data than the case without involving the effects of current. The introduction of random wave generates lower the bottom shear stress than the case without introducing it. There are obvious differences between bottom shear stress of two way interaction and one way interaction. Velocity field obtained by the COHERENS-SWAN is reasonable according to previous studies and measurements.     

波流作用下淹没圆柱局部冲深影响因素分析

淹没圆柱在海洋工程中运用广泛,局部冲刷对此类建筑物的安全有较大影响。为掌握该类型建筑物在波流作用下的冲刷特性,在波流水槽内开展了一系列试验研究。试验将圆柱模型安装在波流水槽中部的沙槽内,沙槽内铺设中值粒径0.22 mm的无黏性沙,形成平底海床。试验中圆柱处于淹没情况,改变入射波流条件,观测多种波流作用下,不同高度淹没圆柱周围的局部冲刷深度发展过程,分析了多种无量纲参数对局部冲刷深度的影响。结果表明:当KC数不变时,冲刷深度s/D随着相对流速U_cw和Fr的增大而增大,当Fr增大到一定程度时(Fr>0.80),冲刷深度s/D趋于稳定; U_cw在固定范围内时,冲刷深度s/D随KC数的增加而增加,增长速率逐渐变慢; 引入淹没因子K_s,得到了淹没圆柱与非淹没圆柱的冲刷深度计算关系式。     

不规则波作用下墩柱周围局部冲刷研究

对相对柱径较大（0．15〈D／L〈0．5）的圆柱式结构物在不规则波作用下周围的局部冲刷情况，进行了多组试验研究，系统地研究了不规则波作用下圆柱周围地形的变化规律，试验中分别考虑了波浪的波高、周期、水深、泥沙粒径及圆柱直径等因素对圆柱周围局部冲刷地形的影响，分析了圆柱周围冲淤地形形成的机理，特别是对床面泥沙粒径因素进行了详细分析，认为波浪作用下圆柱周围冲刷深度与床面粒径并不成反比关系，而是在d50=0．18mm附近最小，在此基础上提出了不规则波作用下圆柱周围最大冲刷深度及其发生位置的计算公式。     

波流作用的近岸圆柱局部床面侵蚀

波浪流对近岸浅水带床面作用强烈,该区域结构物局部床面侵蚀显著,潜存致灾威胁。用三维数值方法研究了瞬态孤立波作用下非黏性沙海床上的近岸圆柱体局部冲刷规律,分析了波浪流冲刷的3类主要影响要素,讨论了近岸地形条件影响下的波流冲刷深度。研究认为,表征浅水波流特征和柱体尺度的无量纲数Urp与KC数存在非独立关系,二者均能分别反映波流冲刷的主要规律;表示泥沙运动的力学参数Shields数在波流动床条件下仍对柱体局部冲刷有贡献;近岸地形通过床面坡度对波破碎的增强及堤岸挡墙对波浪的反射,都会影响到局部冲刷。     

冰盖下桥墩局部最大冲刷深度试验研究

冬季寒冷的北方河流易形成冰盖或冰塞,冰盖的存在对桥墩附近局部冲刷产生影响。在清水冲刷条件下,试验研究了有无冰盖条件下,不同流速和水深对桥墩附近局部冲刷的影响。研究结果表明：对比明流条件,冰盖的存在导致更大的近底流速和近底流速梯度,从而桥墩局部最大冲刷深度更大;其它条件相同的情况下,随流速的增大,桥墩局部最大冲刷深度增大;随着桥墩墩径增大,桥墩局部最大冲刷深度增加;水深增加时桥墩局部最大冲刷深度相对减小。根据试验数据,给出了有冰盖条件下桥墩局部最大冲刷深度的计算公式,与国内外相关试验数据吻合较好。     

不同透水率对水力插板透水丁坝防冲促淤效果的试验研究

水力插板透水丁坝新型护岸结构的提出提高了新疆粉细沙河床上治河工程的防洪护岸效益。本文为了探讨透水率对水力插板透水丁坝防冲促淤效果的影响,利用动床模型水槽试验研究了水力插板透水丁坝缓流效果、局部冲刷及坝后最大淤积高度随透水率的变化规律,为透水率这个重要工程设计参数的合理选取提供理论依据。试验结果表明:水力插板透水丁坝坝后流速的减缓效果明显,且透水率对坝后流速的影响较小;坝头最大冲刷深度随着透水率的增大而变小;坝后最大淤积高度随透水率的增加先增加后减小;当透水率为30%左右时,水力插板透水丁坝的防冲促淤效果达到最佳。     

黏土海床管道局部冲刷的模拟研究

基于黏土的流变特性,将黏土视为一种流体,用Herschel-Bulkley模型模拟,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent建立二维管道冲刷模型,结合SST k-ω湍流模型以及VOF两相流模型对黏土海床上管道局部冲刷进行数值模拟研究。研究分析表明:海底管道的存在增加了海流对海床的剪切应力,随悬空高度增大,海床剪应力逐渐减小。管道冲刷深度主要受黏土的不排水抗剪强度和流场流速的影响,管道的局部冲刷深度随土体强度的增大而减小,屈服应力为150 Pa时其冲刷深度为0.63D,约为屈服应力为600 Pa时的2倍。管道的局部冲刷深度随流速的增大而增大,流速每增加0.2 m/s其管道下方的冲刷深度平均会增加0.16D。受管道对流场的扰动,管道下游的尾流冲刷深度对流场流速大小更为敏感。     

海啸波引起的近岸房屋局部冲刷试验

基于波浪水槽,分别考虑独栋和房屋群两种情况,开展海啸波引起的近岸房屋局部冲刷试验研究,分别建立了独栋房屋情况下相对最大冲刷深度与海啸波相对越顶高度关系式和房屋群情况下局部最大冲刷深度与海啸波波高、房屋宽度、房屋高度、房屋数量、房屋间的中心间距的关系式。试验结果表明在海啸波越顶水流产生的水跌以及海啸波通过房屋时产生的扰流共同作用下,房屋周围,特别是海侧会产生明显的局部冲刷坑;回落水流水跌是局部冲刷坑产生的主要因素,扰流是次要因素。所建立的关系式揭示了最大局部冲刷深度与海啸波、房屋尺寸、房屋布局的内在联系。     

顺河跨海大桥工程对河道影响数值分析

为了研究顺河跨海大桥工程对河道产生的不利影响,建立了包含桥梁工程在内的平面二维水动力数值模型,采用实测潮位资料验证了模型的合理性,并进一步分析了工程对河道壅水、流态以及河床冲刷的影响。研究表明:跨海大桥工程的建立会导致河道水位有微弱的升高,最大壅高仅为6cm;桥位附近流态变化较大,在桥墩处会形成许多小涡旋,在人工岛与桥墩的共同作用下会形成一个局部大涡旋,这些影响导致了河床的局部冲刷,河床的最大冲刷深度为0.83m。     

往复流作用下海底管线冲刷模拟研究

海底管线冲刷悬空是诱发管道涡激振动破坏的一个主要原因。为更好地对管线冲刷悬空情况进行评估,本文应用水动力-泥沙冲刷耦合模型,对往复潮流作用淤泥质海床海底管线局部冲刷过程进行了模拟研究,模型采用标准k-ε紊流方程对N-S方程进行封闭,控制方程采用有限差分法进行离散,模拟结果表明,双向潮流作用下,管道局部冲刷轮廓基本呈现对称状态,其最大冲刷深度位置因水流流速的转向而有所摆动,往复流引起的冲刷深度较恒定流情况减小约20%左右。     

基于Flow-3D的水平射流冲刷泥沙数值模拟

为了模拟分析闸口水平射流对下游泥沙冲刷的全过程,基于水工模型试验,采用Flow-3D软件中的泥沙冲刷模型结合RNG模型和FAVOR方法,进行了水平射流冲刷固定底板下游泥沙的模拟试验。根据原水工模型条件,结合模型试验结果,对冲刷过程中的水面线、流速分布、冲坑深度和堆丘高度进行了对比分析。结果显示,数值模拟与原试验结果中水面线和流速分布吻合度很高,冲刷过程中的冲坑深度与堆丘的高度也很接近。分析了冲刷过程中的泥沙运动,模拟了不同粒径泥沙的冲刷过程并将结果进行对比,发现达到冲刷平衡阶段时冲坑深度与堆丘高度随泥沙粒径的增大而减小,该结论符合理论分析,证明该软件中泥沙模型可用于物理试验中的有关变量分析。