STABILITY OF DENSITY STRATIFIED FLOW IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER

1. INTRODUCTION The influence of vertical density variations o the stability of flow past a flat horizontal wall, is in sense related to the case of centrifugal forces actin on a homogeneous fluid flowing along a curved wal When the arrangement is stable, the densit decreases upward, , whereas it becomes unstabl when the variation in density is reversed. In the cas of flow with stable density stratification, turbulen mixing in the vertical direction is impeded becaus heavier particles must…     

萍乡市城市地表径流污染物浓度变化特征分析及数值模拟

以海绵城市建设试点城市萍乡市地表径流污染物（以SS和TP为代表）浓度变化特征与预测模型适应性为研究对象,根据两场次的降雨资料及实测径流污染物浓度数据,确定所建地表径流污染物浓度变化预测模型Sartor-Boyd和p/r模型的参数,并模拟和分析了地表径流污染物浓度变化过程。结果表明：萍乡市地表径流污染物（SS和TP）浓度受初始冲刷效应的影响,降雨过程前期随雨强的峰值而达到最大,降雨过程后期污染物浓度受雨强的峰值波动影响较小;受模型参数的影响,Sartor-Boyd模型模拟值的统计学指标RPD、R²、NSE均小于p/r模型的相应指标,p/r模型对萍乡市降雨地表径流污染物排放规律的预测精度较好,模型可信度较高。结合萍乡市地区降雨状况建立的p/r数学模型可为该区域海绵城市建设过程中地表径流污染物浓度的预测及管理提供参考。     

Assignment of safety criteria to the stability of earthen slopes of retaining structures

The problem of determining criterial values of K1 and K2 is examined for the enclosing dike of an intake channel as a function of the position of the depression curve and a seismic effect. The requirements of regulatory documents are analyzed. Suggestions are made for determination of the criterial value of K2 with respect to the slope stability of artificial embankments.     

Design of earthen vegetated open channels

Modified formulas for Manning's equation are developed for use in the design of earthen open channels with submerged aquatic weeds. The proposed relations have their basis in field and experimental data. A multiple regression analysis was used to develop a relationship between the mean velocity, hydraulic radius, and water surface slope. The new formulas are dependent on the distribution of weeds along the channel's wetted perimeter and the percentage of vegetation density with respect to the cross-section area of the waterway.Notation A cross-section area - A _w area of weeds - B ₁ top width of channel flow - g acceleration of gravity - h height of roughness element - n Manning's coefficient - Q discharge of flow - R hydraulic radius - S water surface slope - S ₀ bed surface slope - V mean flow velocity     

考虑地表反照率时域重建的海河流域蒸散发模拟研究

地表反照率（a_c）是计算辐射收支分配的重要参数,其精度对实现大尺度地表蒸散发（ET）的准确模拟有重要意义,在ET模拟中常用线性插值法来获取时间连续的a_c数据,但其a_c重建过程的机理性不足。本研究利用时域重建方法获取a_c的逐日数据,利用Penman-Monteith-Leuning（PML）模型对海河流域ET进行了模拟,并与传统的基于线性插值计算a_c的方法进行对比,分析了不同a_c输入对ET模拟结果的影响。结果表明：（1）采用时域重建方法得到的a_c进行ET模拟时,在海河流域与2008、2010及2018年4个涡度相关数据的相关系数均在0.53以上,相关性较好;（2）海河流域2018年的a_c呈现出北高南低的特征,同时夏季和冬季的高值区相对较小;（3）望都站的示例分析表明,与采用线性插值得到的a_c方案相比,对a_c进行时域重建后进一步降低了ET模拟值的均方根误差和偏离度,可为提高蒸散发精度提供借鉴。     

清澜港红树林浮游植物群落结构及水质对应分析

为了认清热带地区红树林中浮游植物群落结构和其关键水质影响因子,分别于2015年11月和2016年3月和8月在海南清澜港红树林进行样品采集,进行藻类鉴定和水质分析。结果表明:调查期间浮游植物7门,74属(种)。蓝藻门13属(种),硅藻门35属(种),绿藻门13属(种),隐藻门4属(种),裸藻门3属(种),甲藻门3属(种),金藻门3属(种)。八门湾优势种为硅藻门角毛藻(Chaetoceros)和硅藻门小环藻(Cyclotella sp.);红树林潮间带优势种为蓝藻门假鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.)和甲藻门多甲藻(Peridinium);养殖水优势种为蓝藻门微囊藻(Microcystis)和隐藻门蓝隐藻(Chroomonas placiodea)。养殖水浮游植物密度最高,其次是八门湾和潮间带。除2016年3月份外,生物多样性指数均值由大到小顺序为:潮间带,八门湾,养殖水。2015年11月时氮为藻类生长限制因素,而2016年3月和8月时磷为大部水体限制因素。藻类与氮磷营养盐及金属离子密切相关,季节变化影响不明显。     

Fusibility and sintering characteristics of ash

The temperature characteristics of ash fusibility are studied for a wide range of bituminous and brown coals, lignites, and shales with ratios R _B/A of their alkaline and acid components between 0.03 and 4. Acritical value of R _B/A is found at which the fusion temperatures are minimal. The sintering properties of the ashes are determined by measuring the force required to fracture a cylindrical sample. It is found that the strength of the samples increases sharply at certain temperatures. The alkali metal content of the ashes has a strong effect on their sintering characteristics.     

混流式水轮机上冠空腔结构内部流场及单向流固耦合分析

为研究上冠空腔结构对混流式水轮机水力性能与结构特性的影响,建立了不含上冠空腔结构（No UpperCrown Cavity Structure,NUCCS）和含上冠空腔结构（Upper Crown Cavity Structure,UCCS）的两种混流式水轮机全流道几何模型,基于SST湍流模型、顺序耦合法、预应力模态分析,对NUCCS与UCCS的两种混流式水轮机展开数值模拟和单向瞬态流固耦合计算,发现泄水锥处上冠空腔结构可减少转轮内部二次流动损失。在0.8Q_d、Q_d和1.2Q_d的3种流量工况点,分别对混流式水轮机展开瞬态流固耦合计算,对比研究转轮结构的应力应变特性。研究发现含UCCS时,转轮等效应力和变形量均有减小。在小流量0.8Q_d工况点,转轮结构等效应力及应变较小,其最大变形点位于下环附近。在设计流量Q_d和大流量1.2Q_d工况点,转轮等效应力及应变较大,其最大变形点位于上冠附近。在NUCCS与UCCS的转轮进行预应力模态分析时,发现上冠空腔结构对转轮的模态影响很小。本文研究内容可为提升混流式水轮机设计水平提供一定参考依据。     

The role of soil characteristics in the succession of two herbaceous lianas in a modified river floodplain

The Tamagawa floodplain of Japan experienced a series of changes in the structure of its plant community after 1960. Today, two dominant lianas – Pueraria lobata and Sicyos angulatus – have colonized the area and are competing for space. This study explores their competitive abilities in relation to soil factors and flooding disturbance downstream of the Tama River. Several colonies of these species were selected in three spots of the Tamagawa floodplain having different soil characteristics and flooding frequencies. Our results revealed that S. angulatus can only grow on fine sediment, whereas P. lobata can grow on soil with a wide range of particle sizes. Soil moisture and nitrogen requirements are higher for S. angulatus. S. angulatus grows only on fine sediment for two reasons: first, fine sediment stores a higher concentration of nitrogen and moisture; second, S. angulatus has a very shallow root system. P. lobata has an extensive root system with nodules, with which it can thrive on coarse and relatively dry soil with lower nitrogen. However, P. lobata requires higher soil phosphorus than S. angulatus does. The earlier patchy colonization of S. angulatus on the Tamagawa floodplain was provoked by flooding, when the perennial Miscanthus sacchariflorus and other species trapped fine sediments. Gradually, sediments became finer and nutrient‐rich due to vegetative decomposition, and S. angulatus invaded the area. The soil at that time was not deep enough for the root system of P. lobata. Subsequently, P. lobata outcompeted S. angulatus on the various types of soil that developed. Severe washing of fine substrates by floodwaters makes the area unsuitable for S. angulatus, whereas P. lobata continues to thrive. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bifurcation behavior of laminar flows of a boundary layer problem

This paper presents a theoretical analysis on the bifurcation behavior of solutions to a nonlinear equation f‴ − ff″ = 0 with boundary conditions: f(0) = C, f′(0) = ξ and f′(∞) = 1 where ξ and C are parameters. It shows that if ξ ≥ 0 including the case ξ ≥ 1, then for any C the boundary value problem has at most one solution. However, for any ξ < 0, there exist some C < 0 such that the boundary value problem admits at least two solutions.

     

The effects of dreissenid mussels on the survival and condition of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) in western Lake Erie

Burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia limbata and H. rigida) are once again prominent members of the benthic community in western Lake Erie. However, this community is now dominated by dreissenid mussels. We conducted a laboratory experiment and field sampling to investigate whether survival and condition of Hexagenia were affected by the presence, density, and quality of dreissenid mussels. In a laboratory experiment, Hexagenia survival was higher in microcosms without dreissenid mussels. We also found Hexagenia density to be higher at field sites with low dreissenid density, suggesting that Hexagenia survival is higher in these areas as well. In microcosm treatments with low dreissenid density, Hexagenia survival was higher in treatments with live dreissenids than in treatments containing only dreissenid shells. These findings suggest that while dreissenid shells degrade the quality of soft sediments for Hexagenia, some of the negative effect is offset by the presence of live dreissenids. The positive effect of live dreissenids is likely due to additional food resources made available to Hexagenia by the filtering activity of dreissenids. Neither dreissenid density nor shell “type” (shells alone or live dreissenids in shells) had an effect on Hexagenia condition. Thus, the interactions between these dominant benthic invertebrates are complex. Recovery of Hexagenia populations in western Lake Erie is likely affected by both changing environmental conditions due to anthropogenic activities and the introduction of exotic species into the benthic community. The results are likely to be continued instability of the benthic food web and unpredictable consequences for human utilization of this ecosystem.     

Vegetation Buffer Strips Design Using an Optimization Approach for Non-Point Source Pollutant Control of an Agricultural Watershed

Management of agriculture-induced water quality problems requires an integrated approach involving selection of the most suitable and economical Best Management Practices (BMP). Vegetation Buffer Strips (VBS), one of the commonly used off-field structural BMPs, when designed and placed correctly, can significantly improve the water quality. However, VBS takes up agricultural land used for crop production and the implementation/maintenance costs are of concern. Currently, the standards for design of VBS (location and width) are normally set on field study basis, and they do not involve science-based approach to guarantee their efficiency under regional variations, geological and economical conditions. The present study proposes a new approach which integrates computational modeling of watershed processes, fluvial processes and modern heuristic optimization techniques to design a cost effective VBSs in a watershed. The watershed model AnnAGNPS (Annual AGricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model) and channel network model CCHE1D (Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering One(1) Dimensional Model) are linked together to simulate the sediment/pollutant transport processes. Based on the computational results, a multi-objective function is set up, which aims to minimize soil losses, nutrient concentrations as well as total costs associated with installation and maintenance of VBS, while the production profits from agriculture production are being maximized. The solution procedure involves the use of iterative Tabu Search (TS) algorithm to flip VBS design parameters (switching from one alternative to another). The search for the optimal solution follows an iterative procedure. An illustrative case study of USDA’s Goodwin Creek experimental watershed located in Northern Mississippi is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. The results show that the optimized design of VBS using an integrated approach at the watershed level can provide efficient and cost-effective conservation of the environmental quality by taking into account productivity and profitability.     

考虑气象因子不确定性的参考作物蒸散量预报方法

参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的准确预测预报对于制定作物灌溉制度与实时灌溉调度具有重要意义,然而气象因子的不确定性极大的影响着ET_0的预测精度。因此本研究采用马尔科夫蒙特卡罗模拟与自适应采样算法相结合的方法(AM-MCMC)对气象因子的不确定性进行修正,以气象站实测ET_0作为标准值,利用径向基神经网络(RBF)模型建立气象因子与ET_0的映射关系,建立基于气象因子不确定性的ET_0不确定性预测模型(CU-RBF),并以华北平原农田下垫面为例进行验证。结果表明,与传统的RBF确定性预报结果相比,CU-RBF预测结果的各精度评价效果均有所提高,纳什系数提高了10%,均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别降低了16.94%、17.05%,且单独修正平均风速的CU-RBFWs预测模型效果比分别单独修正最高温度、平均相对湿度的预测模型效果好。考虑气象因子不确定性开展ET_0的预报研究,减小了预测值与实际值的误差,可为农田下垫面的未来水分管理提供科学依据。     

Surface water connection and the macrozoobenthos of two types of floodplains on the upper rhine

Macrozoobenthos (especially gastropods) abundance data have been used to ordinate sampling stations on two floodplains of the Upper Rhine with different hydraulic regimes: 30 species of gastropods were recorded in the area actively inundated by the Rhine, while backwaters that have not been flooded for over 50 years housed only 19 species. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a characteristic species of the permanent aquatic biotopes fed by groundwater and connected with other floodplain waters. Small, isolated, and drying-up former lateral channels and pools, slowly inundated during a flood, are characterized by Planorbis planorbis with Bathyomphalus contortus. Gyralus albus and Valvata cristata are characteristic of small, partly isolated, and partly drying-up water bodies of the active floodplain, which are inundated rapidly and very turbulently during the flood. Due to restricted hydrological dynamics the waterbodies of the former floodplain were mainly inhabited by ubiquitous species.     

Ranking Irrigation Planning Alternatives Using Data Envelopment Analysis

Application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as a Multicriterion Decision Making (MCDM) methodology is tested for Sri Ram Sagar Project, Andhra Pradesh, India to select the suitable irrigation planning alternative. Three different criterion functions of DEA, namely minimizing deviation variable D_j (Min,D_Dj), minimizing maximum deviation (Minmax), and minimizing the sum of deviations ∑D_j (Minsum) are applied for the same DEA constraint set. These criterion functions are evaluated under the framework of Multi Objective Linear Programming (MOLP). Highest efficiency rated irrigation planning alternative is chosen to be the best for each of the above criterion functions. The results are compared with those obtained by discrete MCDM methods, PROMETHEE and EXPROM. It is found that ranks obtained by DEA are reasonably close to those obtained by the above mentioned MCDM methods, PROMETHEE and EXPROM.     

Bi-site Analysis of Meteorological Drought Duration: Theoretical Modeling and Application

Droughts are regional incidents that threat the environment and limit most of the socio-economic activities. Given the dry and wet state sequences for two sites, X_t^{( 1 )}X_t^{\left( 1 \right)} and X_t^{( 2 )}X_t^{\left( 2 \right)} , this paper presents a procedure to reduce the two sequences X_t^{( 1 )}X_t^{\left( 1 \right)} and X_t^{( 2 )}X_t^{\left( 2 \right)} to one sequence Z _t for the purpose of simplifying the analysis of drought duration at two sites jointly. Theoretical models to evaluate the expected value and the variance of the process Z _t and the occurrence probability of the dry state at two sites jointly are presented and verified using simulation experiments. Historical data for the period 1939–2005 and generated rainy season precipitation data for two gauging sites in Central Jordan, namely Amman Airport and Madaba, is used in the present study to investigate the occurrence of droughts. The joint analysis of drought duration obtained using the historical precipitation at the two sites appears to be inconsistent especially for droughts of duration longer than 3 years. On the other hand, the joint analysis of drought duration obtained theoretically by employing the characteristics of the process Z _t are found to match well with the more reliable drought statistics obtained empirically by analyzing the long generated precipitation. Considering 25 years planning horizon, droughts of 1, 2, and 3 years duration are the most frequent droughts in the region of Central Jordan. The return period of such regional droughts ranges from 8–30 years.     

基于颗粒级配参数描述砂土持水及非饱和强度特性的土壤转换函数

以van Genuchten模型为基础,将砂土的基本物理特征与统计分析相结合,构建土壤转换函数以预测砂土持水曲线。首先,在土壤转换函数中引入控制粒径d_(60)和不均匀系数C_u这两个典型颗粒级配参数,并满足完全均匀和完全分散的两种理想颗粒材料条件;其次,结合非饱和土水力特性数据库(UNSODA)与4种颗粒级配分布较均匀的砂土持水曲线补充试验,通过量纲分析和回归分析,将控制持水曲线进气值和减湿率的参数a和n分别表示为d_(60)和lgC_u的反比例型转换函数,结果表明:这两种转换函数对参数a和n的预测效果优于已有转换函数;最后,将这两种转换函数引入非饱和强度公式,利用已有文献中的非饱和强度试验结果验证了提出的土壤转换函数在表征砂土毛细黏聚力与抗拉强度随基质吸力变化规律的有效性,相应的理论计算结果表明:砂土的毛细黏聚力随其控制粒径减小或均匀程度降低而增高。     

An Evaluation of CMIP5 GCM Simulations over the Athabasca River Basin,Canada

Long‐term hydrological forecasting, water resources management and other climate change impacts or adaptation analysis studies on large continental river basins, for example, the Athabasca River Basin (ARB) in Canada, desire a reliable climatic projection. This usually relies on general circulation models (GCMs) in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). However, there is a lack of a systematic evaluation of CMIP5 GCM performances over the ARB that vary with multiple factors, for example, statistical metrics, temporal scales and spatial locations, challenging the reliability of water‐related or other studies over the ARB. For this gap to be filled, six CMIP5 GCMs, namely, IPSL‐CM5A‐LR, IPSL‐CM5A‐MR, MIROC‐ESM‐CHEM, MIROC5, GFDL‐ESM2G and GFDL‐ESM2M, and their ensemble mean are selected according to data availabilities of representative climate variables: Tmin, Tmax and Prec (TTP). Accuracies of the selected CMIP5 GCMs in reproducing TTP over the ARB are evaluated comprehensively. The ensemble mean cannot outperform any GCM in all cases in the ARB, although its overall accuracy seems to be higher in consideration of all cases. These accuracies vary with TTP, locations, metrics and scales. For instance, ESM2G shows the highest accuracies in reproducing monthly/seasonal variability and magnitudes of grid‐averaged TTP and inter‐annual variability of grid‐averaged annual means of Tmax; CM5A‐LR in multi‐year‐averaged spatial variability of TTP and magnitudes of spatially distributed multi‐year‐averaged Tmax; while the ensemble mean only in some aspects, for example, intraseasonal variability and magnitudes of TTP and inter‐annual variability and magnitudes of grid‐averaged annual means of TTP. GCMs should be systematically integrated according to accuracy variations. Multiple statistical metrics are recommended in GCM evaluations. These findings facilitate water resources systems analyses and other related studies in the ARB. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic Resistance Determination in Marsh Wetlands

Restoration of degraded and creation of constructed wetlands require proper hydraulic design. Of particular importance is the accurate determination of flow resistancefactors and the proper use of resistance equations, somethingessential for computing basic hydraulic parameters, such as depth and velocity, and for modeling the hydrodynamics of the system. In this study, selected previous theoretical, laboratoryand field studies on wetlands and vegetated-channel hydraulics are reviewed, and existing data from these studies are extractedand compiled in a common database. Resistance determining parameters are discussed, and results are summarized and presented, aiming at obtaining laws governing the flow, and deriving values for frictional factors under various flow scenarios. Graphs of Darcy-Weisbach f or Manning's n versus appropriate hydraulic parameters are presented.A modified n-VR graph is also presented, appropriate for marsh preliminary hydraulic analyses and design. These graphs also indicate missing information and can guide in future research.     

陆地蒸散发分割方法及影响因素研究进展

蒸散发（ET）是陆地水文循环的重要组成部分,蒸散发分割及其影响因素辨识在气象、水文和农业等领域均有重要意义。为研究不同蒸散发分割方法的适用性及不同时间尺度上蒸散发分割的影响因素,在总结不同蒸散发分割方法优缺点的基础上,探讨了日和季节两个时间尺度上蒸散发分割的影响因素。结果表明：水文气象和同位素方法适用于田间尺度,数值模拟方法适用于区域尺度;在日尺度上蒸腾和蒸散发比值（T/ET）与太阳辐射、土壤温度及植被类型（体现在气孔导度差异）等因素呈正相关关系,在季节尺度上T/ET与植被生长状况呈正相关关系,与降水（降水量和降水频次）及土壤含水量呈负相关关系。最后,总结了蒸散发分割研究中存在的不足,从蒸散发分割的方法和影响因素两方面提出了未来研究需要解决的关键问题,以期为蒸散发分割的研究提供参考。