裂隙岩体渗流场与应力场的耦合数值分析

裂隙岩体渗流场与应力场耦合是一个复杂的地质问题.本文基于裂隙-空隙双重连续介质对裂隙岩体渗流场与应力场进行耦合分析,推导建立了数学模型,并将该模型用于实际边坡工程的岩体裂隙进行数值模拟,分别对不考虑应力影响下的渗流场和不考虑渗流影响下的应力场以及两场相互耦合时的稳定性进行了研究,由于耦合作用下与任意单场作用下相比差异较大,因此考虑岩体裂隙多场耦合作用是必要的也是符合事实的[1].     

岩体单裂隙流固热化学耦合作用数值模拟研究

为全面研究渗流、应力、化学、温度影响下岩体裂隙的变化,建立了岩体单裂隙的流-固-热-化四场全耦合数学模型,并以Comsol Multiphysics软件为基础,将该数学模型转化为一个统一的偏微分方程组,实现了四场全耦合数值求解。该模型给出了更接近真实物理过程的数值解答,避免用松散耦合法求解多场耦合问题带来的误差。同时通过对两个实例的计算模拟,分析了在渗流、压应力、水化学溶蚀和温度等多因素耦合作用下,岩体单裂隙渗透特性的变化规律,得出了裂隙岩体渗透特性的影响机理和关键影响因素。     

岩体裂缝扩展的渗流-应力耦合分析模型

应用无单元法,对渗流场和与应力场耦合作用下的岩体裂缝扩展进行追踪。裂缝扩展计算采用断裂力学最大周向正应力理论。应力场和渗流场的耦合作用通过以渗透压力和渗透系数为交互因子的迭代计算考虑,其中裂缝区还考虑了裂缝中水对缝壁的拖曳力。裂缝扩展计算每一步所产生的新结构都要进行渗流-应力耦合分析,直至裂缝稳定为止。算例结果表明,所建数值模型能较真实地反映水流对裂缝扩展的影响,并能较好地模拟渗流-应力耦合作用下的裂缝扩展过程。     

岩体渗流-应力耦合裂隙网络模型研究进展

裂隙岩体结构复杂,岩体的渗流特性与应力环境存在着密切关系,渗流场对应力场同样也存在影响.在国内外相关研究的基础上,系统地归纳了岩体渗流-应力耦合裂隙网络模型的建立思路、裂隙处理方法等.提出地下岩体中裂隙网络是无法完全可观测的,实际得到的数据并不充分,在随机模拟时,如何选择反映实际岩体特性的随机分布还有待进一步研究,在耦合模型中如何更真实地表征裂隙随应力的变化关系也需进一步研究.     

渗流应力作用下层理岩体稳定性数值分析

为研究渗流应力耦合作用下含倾角层理岩体的稳定性,基于岩体极限平衡状态方程,以30°层理白云岩为例,推导该层理岩体在渗流应力耦合作用下的稳定性判别式,通过等效连续介质模型和Louis经验公式,建立渗流应力耦合模型,并采用Midas GTS NX对该层理岩体进行渗流应力耦合作用稳定性分析,建立相应的数值试验。结果表明,所建立的渗流应力耦合模型分别对10和50 kN/m荷载作用下的层理岩体总水头、总位移、剪应变进行数值分析,模型的计算结果与判别式计算结果拟合度较好;判断了层理岩体的稳定性,可为类似研究提供相应的理论依据,具有一定工程应用价值。     

西非高温干旱地区混凝土重力坝仿真研究

通过对重力坝的建模仿真分析是研究其坝体应力分布变化规律的重要方法之一。为了更加准确地模拟大坝在实际工程中的运行情况，使用COMSOL Mul-tiphysics高级数值仿真软件的耦合功能，结合西非高温干旱地区的气候、水文特点，从温度、渗流以及本身所受重力对重力坝进行耦合分析，并就单重力场、温度场与重力场耦合、渗流场与重力场耦合及三场耦合4种情况对重力坝的应力分布进行对比研究，最终得出结论：通过对比4种条件下重力坝应力分布，在考虑高温干旱条件下，温度对重力坝的应力分布影响比渗流的影响较大。综合考虑多场耦合作用，能够为实际工程坝体设计提供更科学的依据，故对重力坝进行多物理场耦合分析具有重要意义。     

小湾高拱坝坝区渗流场对应力场的影响

结合小湾水电站高拱坝工程，分析坝区岩体多重理解隙网络渗流的特点及渗流对应力的影响机理，采用多重裂隙网络模型和有限元数值方法对小湾高拱坝建坝蓄水后坝区渗流场和渗流场影响下的应力场进行分析计算。可以看出，建坝蓄水使坝区渗流场发生较大变化，且使大坝附近的坝基岩体竖向有效应力有增大，也使坝肩岩体的拉应力增大。     

小湾电站坝址区渗流与应力场耦合分析

本文研究了小湾电站坝址区岩体渗流场与应力场的耦合相互作用，并结合右坝肩Ｆ１１断层的特性，探讨了裂隙内具有不同填充物情况下，裂隙表面分形对裂隙渗流和应力的影响，通过数值分析，得到了场耦合情况下的渗流分布及断层Ｆ１１在不同应力水平下的分维数－渗流量、不同分维数下的应力－裂隙开度、应力－流量关系曲线。     

裂隙网络岩体非稳定渗流场与应力场耦合分析

岩体裂隙网络渗流的特点是渗流沿裂隙网络定向流动,体现出明显的非均匀性和各向异性,这决定了裂隙网络渗流的特殊性；裂隙岩体中渗流与应力的相瓦作用主要也是通过岩体中的裂隙.从裂隙网络渗流的特点出发,以岩体裂隙网络渗流与岩体应力相互影响、相互作用的耦合机理为基础,研究裂隙岩体中渗流场和应力场相互影响以及二者随渗透水流时间及边界条件的变化规律\编制相应程序,并通过算例进行了验证；考虑耦合情况下,裂隙岩体渗流场与应力场较不考虑耦合时均有明显变化.     

裂隙岩体二维渗流水力学理论模型研究

本研究主要内容包括 :裂隙岩体随机网络模拟、分形几何描述裂隙岩体参数几何特征、二维裂隙岩体等效渗透系数估算、二维裂隙岩体渗流应力耦合 非耦合模型、三维等效连续介质渗流模型、二维裂隙岩体连续介质与离散介质耦合模型、渗流模型与离散元应力模型耦合分析工程问题等。(1)利用三维裂隙网络随机模拟模型 ,针对乌江构皮滩水利枢纽工程平硐裂隙数据 ,研究其裂隙几何参数的分布情况 ,对其中一个优势裂隙组进行了模拟和检验。在模型中 ,基于蒙特卡罗方法 ,对裂隙隙宽的模拟进行了尝试。并应用分形几何的理论对其网络分维和裂隙数分维进行了研究 ,提出应用分形几何来模拟裂隙岩体中裂隙几何参数的方法。(2 )基于裂隙网络的转形 ,提出了裂隙岩块等效渗透系数的简便算法。与数值计算方法比较 ,其计算更简便迅速。 (3)推导了裂隙渗流和应力耦合的理论关系 ,建立二维裂隙岩体渗流应力耦合 非耦合非稳定流模型和三维等效连续介质渗流模型。耦合模型中应用经典耦合关系进行了计算验证 ,模型可以计算多种耦合关系。 (4)建立二维裂隙岩体连续介质和离散介质耦合非稳定流模型 ,并对其数值算法进行了研究。耦合模型使用离散介质渗透理论描述岩体主干裂隙中的水运动 ,使用连续介质渗流理论来描述岩体次要裂隙及孔     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.