填海工程背景下半岛地下水流场及污染物运移的数值模拟

以古雷半岛为例,基于GMS地下水数值模型探索海砂填海(情景一)、海砂+黏土填海(情景二)、黏土填海(情景三)这三种填海情景对研究区地下水流场及污染物运移的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区在填海背景下地下水水位整体抬升,水位上升幅度由小到大依次为情景一、情景二、情景三,最高升幅达4.78m。(2)不同填海情景下的地下水流场差异在填海区的黏土区域最为明显,情景二、情景三与情景一的地下水水位差最大值分别为4.44 m和8.20m。(3)在仅考虑物理作用的情况下,三种填海情景下污染物运移均呈现以水平运移为主、垂向运移为辅的特点。(4)相较于污染物运移基本相同的情景一与情景二,预测时间30a时,水平方向上情景三污染物迁移面积、迁移速率分别下降23.07%、18.89%;垂向上污染物主要积聚于第一层含水层,情景三观测井在第一层含水层的污染物浓度为情景一(或情景二)的5.87倍。说明采用低渗透性黏土填海对于污染物运移具有一定的阻滞作用。     

基于GMS的云南德厚水库下游废弃砒霜厂地下水溶质运移模拟

地下水溶质运移模拟是找出污染物迁移规律、确定污染范围及污染物浓度分布的重要手段,可以为合理开发地下水资源、优化设计地下水开采方案及地下水污染修复提供定量依据。在分析德厚水库咪哩河流域裂隙岩溶含水层的水力性质和污染物运移特征的基础上,运用GMS软件建立地下水流场模型和溶质运移模型,对裂隙岩溶水的流场和污染物进行了数值研究,判断出了污染源分布及污染羽扩展范围,分析了砒霜厂污染物运移对水库建设的影响。     

基于GMS的岩溶区火电厂地下水污染物运移模拟

根据毕节市某拟建火电厂水文地质条件,利用GMS软件建立研究区地下水流模型、溶质运移模型。在防火堤底部采取黏土、防水混凝土、土工膜3种不同防渗材料情况下,模拟柴油泄漏在研究区强径流带的运移情况,结果表明:不同防渗材料下污染物渗漏的影响范围相差较大,采用黏土和防水混凝土作为防渗层时,柴油泄漏后向含水层各个方向发生运移,污染羽大致呈椭圆形,污染物以渗漏点为中心沿水流方向向下游扩散,进入强径流带后迅速流入地下暗河;采用土工膜作为防渗层时,污染物几乎未透过土工膜渗入地下水。     

甘肃格宏道金矿尾矿库污染物运移规律

尾矿库污染物运移问题对尾矿库周边地下水安全有重要的影响,因此准确地掌握尾矿库渗流及污染物运移规律,对保护矿区的地下水安全具有重大的意义。根据渗流理论以及河谷区坡度大、地形高差大、含水层倾斜的实际情况,建立以水平多层剖分方式的尾矿库水文地质概化模型,运用Visual Modflow中MT3DMS模块对研究区氨氮在地下水中的运移规律进行模拟分析。结果表明:氨氮在地下水中的运移方向与地下水水流方向基本一致,氨氮浓度随着迁移距离的增大而减小。     

垃圾渗滤液污染物层状砂箱模拟试验

通过自制的二维砂箱模拟垃圾渗滤液污染物在层状含水层中的运移,得出了渗滤液中Cl-,SO2-4、总硬度(CaCO2)在地下环境中的迁移和时空分布规律,该实验模型较好地反映了层状层中污染物渗漏的基本特征,对预测、控制渗滤液污染地下水提供了一种试验方法.     

天津某石化仓储场地地下水环境影响评价

地下水环境影响评价是开展地下水保护的必要环节,同时也是各类建设项目环境评价工作的重要组成部分。为正确评价事故工况对地下水环境的影响,以本石化仓储场地为例,采用单因子评价法、地下水流模型和溶质运移模型对该场地地下水水质现状及地下水污染范围进行分析。分析得出,场地潜水含水层受到污染,为不适宜饮用地下水;事故工况下污染物的迁移范围十分有限,对周边地区影响较小。可为后期场地地下水修复提供有利条件。     

灌溉变化对华北平原地下水可持续利用的影响

针对华北平原地下水可持续利用问题,利用校准好的分布式水文MIKE SHE模型,考虑灌溉变化对地下水利用的影响,设定3种情景（现状保持型情景MS1、灌溉水量改变情景MS2和灌溉频率改变情景MS3）对华北平原未来20 a地下水利用进行预测。结果表明：(1)3种情景下华北平原未来20 a地下水水位均呈下降趋势,MS1、MS2和MS3下地下水水位年均降幅分别为0.335～1.648、0.298～1.588和0.303～1.607 m/a,东部沿海和京津地区出现了较严重的地下水降落漏斗问题,灌溉变化对地下水降落漏斗缓解效果并不显著。(2)灌溉变化在一定程度上能促进华北平原地下水水位和含水层储量恢复,且减少灌溉频率的作用大于降低灌溉水量的作用;相对于MS1, MS2和MS3可使含水层储量在20 a后分别恢复0.06 m和0.12 m。(3)采用灌溉变化无法彻底解决华北平原地下水水位和含水层持续消耗问题,须与其它措施结合,才能从长远角度保证华北平原地下水可持续利用。研究成果可为水资源规划与管理提供科学的依据和建议。     

基于GMS的滨海油田输油管线地下水污染物预测

运用地下水数值模拟技术,采用GMS中的MODFLOW模块建立地下水流场模型,MT3D模块建立地下水溶质运移模型,利用地下水实测流场与计算流场进行比较,率定含水层参数,并对建立的模型进行校正与识别。最后,预测滨海油田油井和输油管线在正常、输油管道破裂与老化腐蚀造成的原油泄漏等3种工况下,原油地下水污染物第10年内与20年内的时空分布特征及对周边村庄的影响。     

对井含水层储能系统渗流场模拟

对井含水层储能系统是一项新的将热泵系统和地下含水层储能技术相结合的节能环保技术,是当今世界缓解能源短缺的有效方法之一。准确预测水源热泵工程周围渗流场的分布特点及变化规律对储能效果影响很大。分析了地下含水层储能的一般特点,基于地下水水流运移的基本原理,建立了地下水渗流数值模型。在此基础上对沈阳某地下水源热泵工程进行渗流场数值模拟,分析了水源热泵运行过程中地下含水层储能系统的渗流特点。     

基于GMS处置有机污染质运移数值模拟研究

使用地下水数值模拟系统GMS的MODFLOW模块和MT3D模块对山东某地危险废物处置中心进行地下水流场和有机污染质运移数值模拟。建立了水文地质概念模型,含水层概化为潜水含水层和承压水含水层两层,考虑了非正常工况和事故工况两种情景模式,将危险废物填埋库区渗滤液收集和导排系统概化为点源。分析预测,两种工况下污染羽有较大差距,虽然COD浓度超过III类地下水的标准限值,但污染范围十分有限,对周边地下水环境的影响较小。     

COMPOSITE MODELING APPROACH AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR SUBSURFACE TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS FROM LAND-DISPOSAL SITES

1 .　INTRODUCTIONThecontaminationofsoiland groundwatersystemsandtheadverseeffectsofthecontamina tionoftheseresourceshavebecomeamatterofconsiderableconcern .Thetransportofcontami nantsinsoilandgroundwaterisacompositionofcomplexchemicalandhydraulicphenomena .Dur ingthepastdecadesmuchattentionhasbeengiventothetheoryandmodelingofcontaminanttrans portinsaturatedsoil (Davidetal.1996 ;Bouchard1988;Brusseauetal .1989) .Thisdevelopmenthasbeenacceleratedandincreasedduetothedifficultyandhighcostsof…     

A SIMPLIFIED NUMERICAL MODEL OF 3-D GROUNDWATER AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT AT LARGE SCALE AREA

A simplified numerical model of groundwater and solute transport is developed. At large scale area there exists a big spatial scale difference between horizontal and vertical length scales. In the resultant model, the seepage region is particularly divided into several virtual layers along the z direction and vertical 1-D columns covering x-y 2-D area according to stratum properties. The numerical algorithm is replacing the full 3-D water and mass balance analysis as the 2-D Galerkin finite element method in x- and y-directions and 1-D finite differential approach in the z direction. The reasonable method of giving minimum thickness is successfully used to handle transient change of water table, drying cells and problem of rewetting. The solution of the simplified model is preconditioned conjugate gradient and ORTHOMIN method. The validity of the developed 3-D groundwater model is tested with the typical pumping and backwater scenarios. Results of water balance of the computed example reveal the model computation reliability. Based on a representative 3-D pollution case, the solute transport module is tested against computing results using the MT3DMS. The capability and high efficiency to predict non-stationary situations of free groundwater surface and solute plume in regional scale problem is quantitatively investigated. It is shown that the proposed model is computationally effective.     

宋家沟淤地坝设计和施工特点

本文介绍了宋家沟淤地坝的设计和施工特点。坝体材料以重粉质壤土为主，采用水坠法施工，布置了土工布作反滤砂砾石作排水体的坝基排水、土工布袋装砂井作坝体垂直排水和多孔波纹排水管作为坝体水平排水的排水系统。土工布袋装砂井布设和施工时可斜靠在岸坡、边埂上，以方便加高并增加其自身稳定性。实际应用结果表明，该套排水系统排水效果显著，对保证坝体安全和提高施工速度与经济效益作用较大，但水平波纹排水管在坝体泥浆中难以布置，易被泥浆冲断，应进一步研究水平排水波纹管的合理布设形式、施工方法及其防冲断措施。建议对以重粉质壤土等黏粒含量较高、渗透性较小的土料冲填的水坠坝，在设置了适当的排水设施的情况下，冲填速度可按旬平均冲填速度0．5m／d、两日最大升高1．0m控制。     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发条件下土壤积盐规律分析

为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发条件下土壤中盐分积累规律,利用室外土柱模拟试验开展了不同TDS(Total Dissolved Solids)(30和100 g/L)、不同包气带质地(细砂和粉质黏土)和不同潜水埋深(0.5、1.0和3.0 m)的高盐度潜水蒸发条件下分层土壤盐分的监测工作。通过对各个土柱不同深度7次取样得到的土壤平均含盐量数据分析表明:高盐度潜水蒸发条件下,潜水埋深越浅,土壤剖面上相同深度范围内的含盐量就越大;在其他条件一定时,包气带质地为粉质黏土的土壤剖面含盐量大于包气带质地为细砂的土壤剖面含盐量;由于黏性土的膜效应和土壤中积盐对土壤孔隙的填充作用,导致粉质黏土土柱上层的土壤含盐量表现为潜水TDS为30 g/L的大于潜水TDS为100 g/L的,在土柱下层的土壤含盐量表现为潜水TDS为30 g/L的小于潜水TDS为100 g/L的;由于TDS升高对毛细水的重力和土体结构的改变,随着潜水TDS的升高,粉质黏土土壤剖面上出现局部积盐深度下移的趋势。     

污染物击穿防污屏障与地下水土污染防控研究进展

鉴于防污屏障是控制固废填埋场地下水土污染的重要结构,为评价防污屏障的服役寿命,分别针对重金属和有机污染物,总结了污染物在黏土屏障和复合屏障中的一维运移解析解,包括非线性吸附条件下污染物在黏土屏障中的一维扩散解、污染物在有缺陷膜复合屏障中的一维运移解和温度场作用下污染物在黏土屏障中的耦合运移解析解等。评价了污染物击穿防污屏障长历时过程超重力离心模型试验的可靠性。对运行了17 a的安徽某填埋场进行现场调查,发现氯离子运移最大深度达9 m,钠离子和COD的运移深度在3~4 m。总结和评价了地下水土污染控制的竖向屏障技术,认为土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙技术在我国具有广阔的应用前景,并对今后的研究进行展望。     

Impacts of Combined Technical and Economic Measures on Water Saving in Agriculture under Water Availability Uncertainty

In Emilia Romagna region (northern Italy), the Water Protection Plan (WPP) — a tool designed to reach the objectives of the Water Framework Directive — established different measures to achieve a good quantitative status of water bodies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the combined economic, agronomic and environmental impacts of four measures of the WPP on the “Renana” reclamation and irrigation scheme, and to quantify the water conservation in agriculture under the uncertainty of water availability. To this purpose, a mathematical stochastic model able to represent uncertainty in water availability was designed and implemented. Some data were collected from farms, and local sources were used as well to test the model. Each analyzed measure was simulated in a single scenario, and subsequently combined with other measures. The performed simulations are the following: application of volumetric water pricing (Scenario WFD1), awarding incentives for farmers to improve on-farm irrigation efficiency (Scenario WFD2a), combination of WFD1 and WFD2a (Scenario WFD2b), reduction of water abstraction in case of water shortage (Scenario WFD3a), combination of WFD1 and WFD3a (Scenario WFD3b), increasing distribution efficiency in the channel system (Scenario WFD4a) and combination of WFD1 and WFD4a (Scenario WFD4b). Results have shown that scenarios WFD2a and WFD4a generate a higher income for farmers and produce a positive ecological impact (water use and soil cover) but tend to increase total water use. Scenarios WFD1 and WFD3a have the opposite effects since they reduce farmers’ income but decrease water use as well. Only WFD1 could be favorable for the Board governing the scheme (RIB) in terms of economic returns. Finally, results have shown that combined scenarios WFD2b and WFD4b, respectively, could modify the trade-off between economic and environmental objectives and could be more effective since they significantly reduce water consumption and minimize losses in farmers’ income.     

Nitrogen elimination from landfill leachates using an extra carbon source in subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

A three-stage constructed wetland for leachate treatment was monitored on a landfill at a pilot scale. The plant had been designed to achieve at least 75% nitrogen removal. NH4-N input concentration was 240 (median) up to 290 mgl(-1) and COD concentration was 455 to 511 mgl(-1), respectively. A 14 m2 vertical flow sand filter plus a 14 m2 horizontal flow sand filter followed by a 3.3 m2 vertical flow sand filter was chosen. Acetic acid was added to the horizontal flow system for denitrification. The results showed a very stable nitrification rate within the vertical flow system of 94% (median) at NH4-N loading rates of about 10 (median) up to 17 gm(-2)d(-1). Denitrification was mainly dependent on the dosing of acetic acid and could reach a maximum of 98%. One interesting effect was the production of nitrite in the horizontal flow sand filter. This could efficiently be eliminated by the subsequent vertical flow sand filter. The chosen concept proved to be very effective for nitrogen removal. In combination with a final activated carbon filter the COD effluent concentrations could be easily and safely controlled. The design of denitrification reed beds showed a further potential for optimization.     

Method of coupling 1-D unsaturated flow with 3-D saturated flow on large scale

A coupled unsaturated-saturated water flow numerical model was developed. The water flow in the unsaturated zone is considered the one-dimensional vertical flow, which changes in the horizontal direction according to the groundwater table and the atmospheric boundary conditions. The groundwater flow is treated as the three-dimensional water flow. The recharge flux to groundwater from soil water is considered the bottom flux for the numerical simulation in the unsaturated zone, and the upper flux for the groundwater simulation. It connects and unites the two separated water flow systems. The soil water equation is solved based on the assumed groundwater table and the subsequent predicted recharge flux. Then, the groundwater equation is solved with the predicted recharge flux as the upper boundary condition. Iteration continues until the discrepancy between the assumed and calculated groundwater nodal heads have a certain accuracy. Illustrative examples with different water flow scenarios regarding the Dirichlet boundary condition, the Neumann boundary condition, the atmospheric boundary condition, and the source or sink term were calculated by the coupled model. The results are compared with those of other models, including Hydrus-1D, SWMS-2D, and FEFLOW, which demonstrate that the coupled model is effective and accurate and can significantly reduce the computational time for the large number of nodes in saturated-unsaturated water flow simulation.     

A NEW NUMERICAL METHOD FOR GROUNDWATER FIOW AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT USING VELOCITY FIELD

A new numerical method for groundwater flow analysis was introduced to estimate simultaneously velocity vectors and water pressure head. The method could be employed to handle the vertical flow under variably saturated conditions and for horizontal flow as well. The method allows for better estimation of velocities at the element nodes which can be used as direct input to transport models. The advection-dispersion process was treated by the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach with particle tracking technique using the velocities at FEM nodes. The method was verified with the classical one dimensional model and applied to simulate contaminant transport process through a slurry wall as a barrier to prevent leachate pollution from a sanitary landfill.     

A NEW NUMERICAL METHOD FOR GROUNDWATER FlOW AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT USING VELOCITY FIELD

A new numerical method for groundwater flow analysis was introduced to estimate simultaneously velocity vectors and water pressure head. The method could be employed to handle the vertical flow under variably saturated conditions and for horizontal flow as well. The method allows for better estimation of velocities at the element nodes which can be used as direct input to transport models. The advection-dispersion process was treated by the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach with particle tracking technique using the velocities at FEM nodes. The method was verified with the classical one dimensional model and applied to simulate contaminant transport process through a slurry wall as a barrier to prevent leachate pollution from a sanitary landfill.