石灰石粉对胶砂性能影响程度的初步研究

通过对伊犁特克斯河山口水库大坝内部碾压混凝土进行掺石灰石粉部分替代粉煤灰的性能试验,研究石灰石粉的细度、掺量对大坝内部碾压混凝土强度、变形等性能的影响。     

石灰石粉在山口水电站碾压混凝土中的应用

通过试验研究,对石灰石粉替代粉煤灰碾压混凝土的和易性、力学性能、变形性能、耐久性等特性进行了分析。将石灰石粉作为碾压混凝土新型替代掺和料,替代或部分替代日益紧缺的粉煤灰等掺和料,能够解决实际工程的粉煤灰资源紧缺问题,运用前景广阔。     

石灰石粉和粉煤灰双掺对胶砂性能的影响初探

通过单掺粉煤灰、单掺石灰石粉及复掺石灰石粉与粉煤灰进行水泥标准稠度用水量、胶砂流动度和胶砂强度试验,分析了石灰石粉对胶砂性能的影响。以确定石灰石粉取代部分粉煤灰应用于山口水电站碾压混凝土坝的最佳掺量。     

碾压混凝土中高掺石灰石粉与粉煤灰的耦合作用

以占胶凝材料总量60%的石灰石粉与粉煤灰进行不同比例复掺,开展了不同胶凝材料碾压混凝土的抗压强度、抗冻性能和抗渗性能试验研究,利用水化热、扫描电镜以及压汞法对不同比例石灰石粉与粉煤灰胶凝体系的水化过程与微结构形成进行了分析。研究发现,当石灰石粉与粉煤灰总量占胶凝材料总量的60%且石灰石粉取代粉煤灰比例为50%时,由于早期石灰石粉促进水化加上粉煤灰的填充效应、后期粉煤灰的火山灰活性以及石灰石粉的密实效应,二者的耦合作用可使得碾压混凝土形成密实的微结构,获得良好的力学性能和耐久性能。     

金安桥碾压混凝土掺合料设计

金安桥碾压混凝土坝最大坝高160m，混凝土掺合料设计是高碾压混凝土坝关键技术之一。为确保料源，以调研及试验为基础，研究了磷矿渣与粉煤灰、火山灰、石灰石粉三种双掺料和粉煤灰单掺料的品质以及对碾压混凝土各方面性能影响，优选出满足金安桥工程坝体碾压混凝土性能要求的掺合料。     

石灰石粉等量替代Ⅱ级粉煤灰对大坝碾压混凝土抗裂性的影响

通过测试混凝土的力学性能、变形性能和热学性能,研究了石灰石粉等量替代Ⅱ级粉煤灰对大坝碾压混凝土抗裂性的影响。结果表明,石灰石粉等量替代50%的Ⅱ级粉煤灰,混凝土早期抗裂系数提高。28 d、90 d龄期时,混凝土抗拉强度降低、干缩、自生体积变形(收缩值)增大,徐变度增大,绝热温升降低,综合抗裂系数略有下降。180 d龄期后,混凝土抗裂系数又大于单掺粉煤灰混凝土。研究表明,石灰石粉等量替代粉煤灰,可改变混凝土的微观结构,硬化水泥浆体的孔隙率、平均孔径增大,大毛细孔含量提高。研究结果可为大坝碾压混凝土抗裂提供参考。     

简述碾压混凝土筑坝施工新技术及应用实例

碾压混凝土筑坝技术近年来在我国发展很快,施工技术不断完善,新技术的使用更为我国碾压混凝土坝建设提供了非常可靠的质量保障。该文简述我国碾压混凝土筑坝施工中采用的新技术,包括四级配碾压混凝土技术、斜层平推碾压工艺、箱式满管技术、超高掺粉煤灰及以灰代粉技术、大坝智能冷却通水技术、GPS定位监控技术、大坝切缝新工艺、常态混凝土与碾压混凝土同步浇筑技术等,以及新技术应用实例,供参考。     

石粉对碾压混凝土性能及微观孔结构的影响

粉煤灰资源短缺及不经济问题日益突出，石灰石粉可否替代粉煤灰需深入研究。试验研究了不同掺量石粉取代粉煤灰对碾压混凝土工作性、抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及抗渗性的影响规律；同时通过吸水动力法测试砂浆孔结构，开展了石粉取代粉煤灰对砂浆微观结构的影响研究。试验结果表明:石粉取代粉煤灰，可细化砂浆平均孔径，使砂浆微观结构更密实，可提高碾压混凝土工作性及抗渗性；但石粉的掺入降低了胶凝材料活性，不利于碾压混凝土强度的发展。综合考虑石粉取代粉煤灰对碾压混凝土各性能的影响，试验推荐石粉取代率不宜超２７％。     

矿渣与石灰石粉双掺代替单掺粉煤灰的混凝土可行性研究

通过采用矿渣与石灰石粉双掺作为混凝土掺和料代替粉煤灰,对混凝土性能影响进行研究。结果表明:双掺料水泥胶砂强度、常态和碾压混凝土强度较单掺粉煤灰虽有一定程度降低,但降低最多不超过15%,同时双掺料还能有效抑制骨料碱活性。即,用矿渣与石灰石粉双掺替代粉煤灰在技术上切实可行,并且在混凝土设计龄期抗压强度基本相当的前提下,双掺料代替粉煤灰在经济上亦是可行的。     

复掺粉煤灰+硅灰+石灰石粉大坝碾压混凝土力学特性研究

随着粉煤灰掺和料成本的日益高昂,有必要寻找低价易得、品质优异的粉煤灰替代碾压混凝土掺和料。文章基于多元掺和料的复合效应,用硅灰、石灰石粉替代部分粉煤灰,设计了三组不同配比的掺和料,开展7天、28天、90天龄期抗压强度、抗拉强度与弹性模量试验,对比分析其力学特性差异。研究结果表明:硅灰和石灰石粉的掺加对碾压混凝土的早期强度无不利影响,且单掺硅灰或复掺硅灰与石灰石粉能有效改善其强度特性。研究结果对解决粉煤灰匮乏难题具有重要意义。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.