切除空载变压器过电压研究

以四川某变电站为原型,建立了仿真计算模型,在对该变电站切除空载变压器过电压进行计算分析后得知：在切空变过程中断路器发生重燃时产生过电压幅值较未产生过电压幅值大的多;断路器与变压器之间的电缆越短,变压器高压侧对地电容越小,过电压的情况越严重;当电缆长度大于5m后,开断过程中发生重燃的可能性很小,由电流截流后引起的振荡幅度也不高。     

广东1 500 MVA大容量变压器短路阻抗的研究

研究了1 500 MVA/500 kV大容量变压器容量增大后对短路阻抗的影响，研究结果表明变压器容量增大后，为了控制短路电流，变压器短路阻抗也需相应增加，而变压器无功损耗与短路阻抗成正比，因此其容性无功补偿容量也需增加，并引起变压器中、低压侧电压波动升高。结合珠江三角洲负荷中心电网短路电流较高的特点，以东莞500 kV水乡站（4×1 500 MVA）为依托，从短路电流、容性无功补偿方面对1 500 MVA/500 kV大容量变压器短路阻抗进行了研究，提出了广东电网1 500 MVA/500 kV大容量变压器短路阻抗参数规范推荐意见。     

考虑铁磁磁滞的变压器励磁涌流仿真分析

提出了一种考虑铁芯铁磁磁滞的变压器电磁暂态模型,并对变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流现象进行了仿真研究。基于目前工程中应用较为广泛的Jiles-Atherton铁磁磁滞原理建立铁芯磁滞磁化曲线模块,通过设置适合的参数计算得到了与实际测量值较为吻合的 B-H曲线;通过分析单相三绕组变压器铁芯绕组结构及其电路模型,得到其电磁暂态计算模型;通过分析三相五柱式变压器磁路结构并利用对偶性原理,得到了其暂态计算分析模型。利用所建立的暂态计算模型对单相三绕组变压器的励磁涌流现象进行了仿真研究,仿真计算结果与实际试验测量结果的对比证明所提出的暂态计算模型的正确性和有效性;同时也对三相变压器组和三相五柱式变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流进行了仿真计算,仿真结果证明所提出的暂态计算模型能够准确地分析变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流现象。     

“三要素法”在配电变压器容量判定中的应用实践

现场判定变压器容量一直是供电部门关注的问题,变压器容量的确定主要通过温升试验,但是温升试验时间较长,不适用于现场进行,现场将阻抗电压、空载损耗、负载损耗三者相结合起来与国标规定值进行比较,进而可以判定变压器的容量。笔者简述变压器容量测试原理,探讨"三要素法"在变压器容量测试中的应用实践,为现场判定变压器容量提供参考性意见和建议。     

二滩水电站主要电气设备参数对短路电流影响的敏感性分析

前言发、变电站主要电气设备的选型及其一些主要参数的取值,往往与短路电流的大小关系十分密切。本文通过二滩水电站主要电气设备参数对短路电流的敏感性分析,力图从对短路电流影响的角度,探讨发电机额定电压、纵轴次暂态电抗X″_d、励磁顶值电压倍数U_L、定子绕组开路时励磁时间常数T′_(d0)、主变压器短路阻抗U_K、高压厂用变短     

真空断路器及其操作过电压的限制

真空断路器开、断高压电动机或空载变压器时产生过电压，为保护电动机和变压器绝缘，对真空断路器操作过电压原因进行了分析，进而采取措施限制真空断路器操作过电压的产生。     

海上风电场内部电气系统合闸过电压仿真分析

随着海上风电场的规模越来越大,针对其内部电气系统的研究得到国际上的关注。文中对海上风电场内部电气系统可能出现的合闸过电压进行了仿真分析。用PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件分析了有无运行馈线2种方式下的合闸过电压过程,并解释了二者过电压机理,考察了内部电气系统的不同设计参数对合闸过电压的影响,为海上风电场内部电气系统的设计以及风机端升压变压器的绝缘设计提供了一定参考。     

小浪底水电站主变压器的选择

小浪底水电站主变压器为额定容量360MV-A的三相水冷无励磁调压双卷铜绕组油浸升压变压器，产品选用10型，该变压器由国内制造。为保证产品质量，对其阻抗电压、损耗值、温升限值、局放水平、噪声水平、承受短路能力等参数，以及油箱渗漏、冷却系统等都提出了更高的要求；同时制造厂也采取了有效的保证措施，这对国产设备的质量提升起到了推动作用。主变压器自2000年投产以来，工作状况良好。     

10kV真空断路器馈线侧过电压保护器配置的探讨

简单叙述了空载变压器分闸过电压形成的原因,着重分析了10 kV真空断路器在切断空载变压器时产生过电压的原因及传统保护装置的配置,以向家坝电厂厂用电的实际配置情况,提出了新的观点,认为线路侧过电压保护装置配置的必要性和实际开关的选型和线路有关,有些完全可以不配过电压保护器。本观点仅供变电站及电厂厂用电等的设计、改造和事故分析时参考。     

带多重逆变器的STATCOM变压器系统等效短路阻抗

给出了带多重逆变器的静止无功发生器的变压器系统等效短路阻抗的定义，阐述了该阻抗对静止无功发生器性能的影响，提出了采用分裂变压器的优点。仿真试验表明了等效短路阻抗对静止无功发生器中逆变器流过的电流谐波的影响，为在设计中正确选择等效短路阻抗提供了依据。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．