UBF—SBR工艺处理果汁生产废水工程设计与运行分析

采用UBF—SBR工艺处理果汁生产废水,调试运行结果表明:在工程进水CODCr、BOD5、SS分别为5 033 mg/L、3 121 mg/L、315 mg/L时,对应出水分别为77 mg/L、15 mg/L、45 mg/L,去除率分别可达到98.5%、99.5%、85.7%。出水水质稳定并达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级排放标准。     

微电解—芬顿—AAO—臭氧催化氧化—活性炭吸附工艺处理化工园区综合废水的中试研究

采用微电解—芬顿—AAO—臭氧催化氧化—活性炭吸附工艺处理化工园区综合废水,处理进水为化工企业处理后排放到园区污水处理厂的综合废水,通过对中试主体工艺的选择,关键流程和参数的选定,并就稳定运行效果进行了阐述.经过该工艺处理后,最终出水的COD、BOD5、氨氮、总氮、总磷的去除分别为92.26％、48％、94.93％、72.69％、77.6％,浓度分别为23.9 mg/L、6.5 mg/L、1.54 mg/L、11.8 mg/L、0.28 mg/L,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物综合排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中一级A的标准要求,满足污水处理厂的排放标准,该流程的运行费用为每吨水5.83元.     

气浮—水解酸化—接触氧化—混凝气浮—过滤工艺处理屠宰废水

介绍了采用气浮—水解酸化—接触氧化—混凝气浮—过滤工艺处理长春市某食品公司的屠宰废水,分析了启动调试过程所需注意的问题及工艺运行效果。运行结果表明:当进水COD、BOD5、SS、NH3—N、动植物油平均分别为1 457mg/L、842mg/L、907mg/L、87.2mg/L、34.3mg/L时,出水平均分别为43.3mg/L、14.4mg/L、23.3mg/L、11.1mg/L、10.3mg/L,均可达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级排放标准,该处理工艺运行成本为0.97元/m3,适用于屠宰废水处理工程。     

水解酸化—SBR工艺处理固体制剂和化学合成制药废水

采用水解酸化—SBR工艺处理固体制剂和化学合成制药废水,经过一年多的启动调试,系统稳定运行后出水CODCr、BOD5、SS、NH3—N分别为54.8mg/L、14mg/L、9.5mg/L和1.69mg/L,均达到《混装制剂类制药工业污染物排放标准》(GB 21908—2008),出水水质稳定,处理效果良好。     

水解酸化—好氧—Fenton氧化工艺处理制浆造纸废水工程实例

以某大型制浆造纸厂废水处理工程为例,介绍了水解酸化—好氧生物处理联合Fenton氧化深度处理工艺在造纸和制浆中段废水处理中的应用。厂内造纸废水量为0.77万～2.91万m3/d,COD为2 150～4 430mg/L,SS为1 316～2 414mg/L,经生化处理后,出水COD和SS平均分别为309mg/L和53mg/L;制浆废水量为0.84万～3.68万m3/d,COD为1 720～4 360mg/L,SS为1 184～1 994mg/L,生化处理出水COD和SS平均分别为370mg/L和56mg/L。两种废水的生化处理出水经Fenton氧化和絮凝沉淀处理后,出水COD为67～98mg/L,SS为21～29mg/L,可达《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 3544—2008)排放要求。废水处理成本为2.01元/m3,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

UASB—A/O工艺在丙烯酰胺废水处理中的应用

采用UASB—A/O工艺处理高氨氮废水,进水CODCr为2 000～4 000mg/L,NH3—N为250～350mg/L,SS为80～140mg/L,pH为4～9。出水NH3—N均在50mg/L以下,CODCr在150mg/L以下。该工艺耐冲击负荷能力强,处理效果稳定,经后续单元处理后,出水各项指标均达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级排放标准。     

预处理—水解酸化—UASB—接触氧化工艺处理高浓度制药废水中试研究

针对四川某生物制药有限公司废水成分复杂、有机物和氨氮含量高的特点,以小试研究结果为指导,采用预处理—水解酸化—UASB—接触氧化工艺对废水进行了中试研究。运行结果表明,当系统进水量为0.7m3/d,进水COD和氨氮平均浓度分别为78 206mg/L和723.8mg/L,出水COD和氨氮平均浓度分别为187mg/L和6.24mg/L,去除率超过了99%。出水COD达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)二级标准。     

混凝沉淀—活性污泥法—人工湿地工艺处理再生纸废水工程

采用混凝沉淀-活性污泥法-人工湿地工艺处理再生纸废水。监测表明,生化处理出水CODCr、BOD5、SS分别为81.8mg/L、25.1mg/L、64mg/L,达到《河南省造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(DB41/389—2004)。冬季运行时人工湿地系统对CODCr、BOD5、SS的去除率分别为17.4%、38.2%和23.4%,运行一年多来,系统处理正常,水质稳定,废水全部得到回用,水生植物生长良好。     

ABR—AB组合工艺处理屠宰废水工程实践

某屠宰厂屠宰废水COD高达3 000mg/L,NH3—N高达400mg/L,选用ABR—AB组合工艺进行处理,在进水COD为2 278mg/L,NH3—N为400mg/L情况下,ABR工艺段出水COD为495mg/L,去除率为78.27%,AB工艺段出水COD为88mg/L,去除率为82.22%,NH3—N为8.27mg/L,去除率97.95%,该系统具有运行稳定,处理效果好的特点,出水水质最终能够达到《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13457—92)一级标准。     

电解—吸附降解—曝气生物滤池联合处理松节油生产废水

松节油及其深加工产品是香料、香精原料和重要的精细化学品中间体。松节油生产废水含未回收的松节油、松香及树脂液中的的单宁、有机色素、糖类物质等,属于难处理废水。设计采用电解—吸附降解—曝气生物滤池为主体工艺处理该废水,实践表明,在进水COD和油含量平均分别为5 000～8 000mg/L和900～1 300mg/L时,出水COD≤100mg/L,油含量≤10mg/L,可以达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级标准。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。