北京山区泥石流激发降雨特征及其临界值

北京地区现有的泥石流降雨临界值多从泥石流的历史降雨数据统计而来,缺乏结合泥石流发生机理与降雨特征的分析。通过收集相关文献资料,对北京山区泥石流进行了分析,并根据其起动机理,采用相应的泥石流预报模型计算出了泥石流发生的降雨临界值。结果表明:(1)高强度降雨与研究区泥石流暴发有着密切关系,且绝大多数为短历时降雨。(2)当1 h激发雨量I≥42 mm,且前期累积降雨量B≥130 mm的时候,发生泥石流灾害的可能性很大;当1 h激发雨量30≤I42 mm,且前期累积降雨量75≤B130 mm的时候,发生泥石流的可能性中等;当1 h激发降雨量I30 mm,且前期累积降雨量B75 mm的时候,发生泥石流的可能性较低。(3)在综合降雨临界值的基础上,北京山区红色降雨预警值为R~*≥600 mm、橙色降雨预警值为600R~*≥480 mm、黄色降雨预警值为480R~*≥300 mm、蓝色降雨预警值为R~*300 mm。研究结果可为北京山区泥石流防灾减灾提供依据。     

栾川县暴雨泥石流预警模型研究倡--以“7.24”暴雨泥石流为例

以栾川县2010年7月24日暴雨泥石流为研究对象,对单沟泥石流进行预警研究。在参考前人研究成果及野外调查分析的基础上,结合栾川县降雨资料分析结果,选取前5d间接雨量、24h最大降雨量、1h最大降雨量、松散物质储量、山坡坡度、沟床比降、沟床弯曲系数、补给长度比和植被覆盖率9个指标,建立了基于地质背景条件与降雨因素相耦合的泥石流预警模型。采用三标度AHP法对相关因子进行赋权,采用功效系数法确定预警因子的单项功效系数,并加权求和确定总功效系数,根据总功效系数与泥石流预警等级的对应关系,对研究区单沟泥石流进行预警。预警结果基本符合“7.24”特大暴雨下的泥石流历史灾害发生规律,表明此预警模型是合理的,适用于对栾川地区泥石流预警。     

栾川县暴雨泥石流预警模型研究倡--以“7畅24”暴雨泥石流为例

以栾川县2010年7月24日暴雨泥石流为研究对象，对单沟泥石流进行预警研究。在参考前人研究成果及野外调查分析的基础上，结合栾川县降雨资料分析结果，选取前5d间接雨量、24h最大降雨量、1h最大降雨量、松散物质储量、山坡坡度、沟床比降、沟床弯曲系数、补给长度比和植被覆盖率9个指标，建立了基于地质背景条件与降雨因素相耦合的泥石流预警模型。采用三标度AHP法对相关因子进行赋权，采用功效系数法确定预警因子的单项功效系数，并加权求和确定总功效系数，根据总功效系数与泥石流预警等级的对应关系，对研究区单沟泥石流进行预警。预警结果基本符合“7.24”特大暴雨下的泥石流历史灾害发生规律，表明此预警模型是合理的，适用于对栾川地区泥石流预警。     

基于模型试验的震区沟道泥石流阈值研究

合理的雨量阈值模型是保障泥石流及时、准确预警的关键。针对地震扰动区泥石流灾害频发,又缺乏降雨—灾害相关性统计资料,导致难以预警的现状,对目前国内外通行的泥石流预警模型研究方法进行了回顾。以都江堰市王家沟泥石流为研究对象,通过分析泥石流预警区的降雨条件、水文特征及下垫面条件,提出了基于水力类泥石流起动机制来计算泥石流预警雨量阈值的方法。该方法主要根据物理模型试验来确定沟道泥石流起动的临界水深,并结合流域产汇流机制和流域基本参数,计算该流域的泥石流预警雨量阈值。     

基于降雨时空不确定性的山洪灾害三级预警模式

为提高山洪灾害预警精度,以栾川流域为例,根据基尼系数和峰值雨强位置系数,概化包括偏前均匀型、偏后集中型等9种特征雨型,并通过总雨量重现期和峰值雨强条件概率,确定各种雨型的峰量关系,设置降雨重心从上游到下游偏移的5种降雨空间分布情景。在此基础上,探讨降雨时空分布不确定性对临界雨量的影响,建立临界雨量数据集,构建三级临界雨量预警模式,并通过4场雨洪资料对该预警模式进行检验。结果表明：当前期影响雨量为0.2Wm(Wm为流域最大蓄水量)、降雨重心在中游时,偏前均匀雨型比偏后均匀雨型24 h临界雨量大17.52%~23.87%,偏后均匀雨型和偏后集中雨型的临界雨量范围相差5.19%~6.53%;前期影响雨量为0.5Wm时,情景1（降雨重心在上游）对应的12 h临界雨量比情景5（降雨重心在下游）大31.61%~48.94%,流域降雨时空分布对山洪灾害预警影响显著。因此,所构建的考虑降雨时空不确定性的三级预警模式运行结果合理可靠,可为其他中小流域的山洪预警提供技术参考。     

基于山洪灾害事件的小流域临界雨量检验复核

针对无资料小流域山洪灾害临界雨量确定中存在的问题,基于山洪灾害事件和洪水调查资料,引入频率区间和偏离度概念,通过成灾洪水雨量特征值与临界雨量的比较,初步检验临界雨量;针对引起临界雨量误差的主要因素,通过复核比降、糙率、水位—流量关系和流域产汇流计算方法及参数,间接复核临界雨量。以安阳县许家沟乡河西村河西沟小流域为实例进行应用研究,结果表明:河西沟小流域以0.8倍流域最大蓄水容量为前期影响雨量所对应的1 h临界雨量较为合理,但2 h临界雨量偏小31.2%;复核发现河西沟小流域水位—流量关系和产流计算方案均存在一定的误差,导致2 h临界雨量偏小较多。复核后以0.8倍流域最大蓄水容量为前期影响雨量所对应的1 h和2 h临界雨量偏差均在允许范围内,预警精度明显提高,表明该方法用于山洪临界雨量检验复核在技术上是可行的。     

基于Logistic回归模型的降雨型泥石流临界雨量定量分析

诱发泥石流形成的主要原因就是降雨,研究降雨影响泥石流形成的机制,对泥石流防治具有重要意义。Logistic回归模型实际上是一种降雨对泥石流发生概率的影响的定量分析方法。利用这一模型对泥石流灾害进行定量预测的关键是科学选择自变量雨量数据。有了前期有效降雨量和当日雨量,就可以利用降雨型泥石流临界雨量Logistic回归分析模型,对泥石流临界雨量进行分析,进而得到不同降雨情况下泥石流灾害的发生概率。     

无资料地区小流域临界雨量指标确定研究

在对比分析临界雨量预警指标常用计算方法优缺点的基础上,针对小流域无资料地区,提出以水文水力学为基础,基于24 h设计暴雨的水位流量反推法和基于有效降雨的降雨径流关系曲线插值法综合确定临界雨量预警指标浮动区间的方法,并提出预警时段临界指标系数概念,直观地反映各预警时段山洪灾害的易发程度,为山洪灾害防治工作提供指导依据。经肃州区西沟村5组实例验证表明,研究方法合理可靠,为无资料地区小流域的临界雨量预警指标计算提供了一种新思路。     

降雨时程分布对山洪灾害预警影响初步研究

由降雨时间分布的不均匀性带来的流域产流峰值的变化较大,在同一个流域,成灾流量及其它条件相同,但降雨过程不同,所需要的临界降雨量是不同的。因此,山洪灾害预警实践中,通常会因为实际的降雨过程与拟定山洪灾害预警指标所依据的雨型不一致而导致预警不准确。以云南省云县爱华镇田心村下轻木林和涌宝镇涌宝村岔河两个典型小流域为研究对象,构建雨量时程分布不均匀程度计算模型,以介于[-1,1]的无量纲不均匀系数表示降雨的时程分布特性,分析降雨时程分布不均匀系数与临界雨量的相关关系。结果表明:不均匀系数介于-0.8~0.8之间的14种雨量分布模式所引起的临界雨量变化在6.3%~29.6%之间,降雨时程分布越不均匀,临界雨量越小,其中主雨峰偏后的更为明显,说明流域降雨时程分布对山洪灾害预警影响显著。因此在山洪灾害预警实践中应根据实际的降雨过程对预警指标适当修正。     

基于降雨~水位关系的临界雨量确定方法研究

针对仅具有少量雨洪配套资料(成灾或未成灾)的山丘区小流域,提出利用降雨~水位关系确定山洪灾害临界雨量预警指标的降雨~水位关系推估法,指标以区间形式表示。基于地区暴雨递减指数的浮动区间,通过常用的水位流量反推法确定各预警时段的临界雨量区间,并利用此临界雨量区间分析评价降雨~水位关系推估法的合理性和可靠性。经甘肃省肃州区某防灾对象实例验证表明,降雨~水位关系推估法方法简单、结果可靠,为临界雨量预警指标的确定提供了新思路。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比α0(初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值)分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比α0对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随α0变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。