空气阻力影响下的分层土壤非稳定降雨入渗产流模型

降雨或灌溉期内,土壤内的空气很难及时全部排出。禁锢在土壤中的空气产生的压力阻碍了土壤水分入渗。针对空气阻力对土壤入渗过程的影响,对Green-Ampt模型进行了改进,提出了非稳定降雨条件下考虑空气阻力作用的分层土壤降雨入渗产流模型(MGAM)。模型中,引入了饱和度系数(Sa)量化入渗水分剖面滞留空气影响下的实际导水系数和实际含水量,引入进水值(hwb)和进气值(hab)量化湿润锋处实际负压水头,并提出由土壤物理性质估算饱和度系数(Sa)、进水值(hwb)和进气值(hab)的参数化方案。为了验证模型适用性,采用MGAM模型模拟分析了室内开展的空气限制条件下的分层土壤非稳定降雨一维入渗产流试验观测成果,包括土壤水分分布特征、土壤累计入渗量和径流强度,并将模型模拟值与试验观测值,以及传统不考虑空气阻力TGAM模型(Traditional Green-Ampt Model)模拟值进行了对比分析,结果表明MGAM模型模拟的土壤累计入渗量、土壤含水量和径流强度均与实测结果吻合良好,而TGAM模型模拟土壤累计入渗量、土壤含水量均大于实测值,而径流强度小于实测值。     

膨胀性土壤降雨入渗产流模型

膨胀性土壤吸水会发生膨胀变形,这对降雨入渗产流过程有显著影响。本文以Green-Ampt模型为基础,提出了考虑土壤膨胀性的非稳定降雨入渗产流模型(GJGAM)。为量化土壤膨胀性对降雨入渗产流过程的影响,文章引入了考虑土壤膨胀性的土壤饱和导水系数及饱和含水量,并提出了两参数的计算方法。同时,应用GJGAM和传统的不考虑土壤膨胀性模型(TGAM)分别模拟了径流强度和土壤累计入渗量的室内试验过程,并与试验观测值进行了对比分析。结果表明:利用GJGAM模拟得到的土壤累计入渗量和径流强度与其实测结果吻合良好,而TGAM模拟得到的土壤累计入渗量大于实测值,而径流强度小于实测值。     

土壤空间变异下田间降雨入渗率的分布特性

本文通过Green-Ampt模型矩形剖面的假定来近似土壤水分运动方程,结合土壤地表饱和导水率的空间分布、降雨强度和历时,将土壤地表分为饱和区和非饱和区,根据各区对应的降雨阶段地表自由入渗状态、自由与积水综合入渗状态以及退水阶段的上边界条件,分别推导出各阶段相应的土壤剖面的降雨入渗率的解析解以及平均降雨入渗量的时空变化过程。研究成果为土壤地表空间变异下降雨、入渗和径流之间的关系以及土壤剖面水流的滞后现象提供具有物理基础的计算方法。     

考虑禁锢空气影响的层状土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型及试验验证

为考虑土壤孔隙中禁锢空气对入渗水流的阻滞作用,引入饱和度系数Sa（Sa小于1）来量化湿润区的饱和程度,建立了改进的层状土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型（MGAM）,并提出了由土壤物理特性参数估算Sa的计算公式。为检验MGAM的适用性,分别在室内长土柱和田间进行层状土壤的积水入渗试验,并采用MGAM、传统的Green-A...     

基于改进的Green-Ampt入渗模型重建清光绪初年山西大旱降雨入渗量

为了深入挖掘和充分利用清宫档案"雨雪分寸"所反映的降水信息,重建清光绪初年山西极端干旱事件,本文在山西省开展了人工模拟降雨入渗试验,探讨了利用改进的Green-Ampt入渗模型求解山西省累计入渗量方法的可靠性与适用性,并利用山西省1875—1878年主汛期"雨分寸"资料重建了历史时期土壤降雨入渗量。结果表明:(1)降雨量是山西省降雨入渗湿润锋推进深度的主要因素,两者呈明显的正相关;(2)改进的Green-Ampt入渗模型在山西省具有较好的适用性,实际入渗量与模拟值的纳什效率系数在0.8以上,且两者相关性显著;(3)1875—1878年山西主汛期6—9月降雨累计入渗量普遍较少,土壤干旱较为严重。     

基于降雨入渗全过程的非饱和湿润峰模型

对降雨入渗过程进行研究有助于充分发挥土壤的蓄水能力,减缓城市管网的泄洪压力。为更真实地反映入渗过程中土壤的含水率分布情况,将降雨入渗过程进行分段,确定各阶段土壤含水率分布函数,提出了修正的非饱和湿润峰模型。同时,结合达西定律,引入土体非饱和参数,得到均匀土体在不同降雨强度下,土壤含水率、浸润深度和累计入渗量随时间变化的曲线。结果显示,入渗过程中土壤表层含水率和浸润深度随时间呈非线性变化。对于高强度降雨,当表层土壤饱和后,开始出现积水。累计入渗量最终取决于土壤的饱和渗透性质,降雨强度对其影响有限。分别将4种土质土体的计算结果与有限元法得到的结果进行对比,两者相对偏差均小于5%。     

基于Green-Ampt和稳渗不同入渗模型下的城市内涝影响数值模拟

为分析Green-Ampt和稳渗两种入渗模型对城市内涝的影响,以陕西省西咸新区沣西新城核心区为研究区域,应用基于水文及水动力方法的城市雨洪过程数值模型模拟城市暴雨致涝过程。以Green-Ampt入渗模型计算产流,模拟研究区内涝积水过程,发现计算数据与实测数据吻合度高,内涝积水点均实现精确的模拟。计算了1a、2a、5a、10a、20a、50a6种不同重现期设计降雨在两种不同入渗模型下的内涝积水总量与总面积的变化,结果表明:城市内涝积水达到峰值时,不同降雨重现期下Green-Ampt入渗下相较于稳渗内涝积水总量分别减少28.41%、26.49%、26.39%、21.04%、17.28%、15.02%,Ⅲ级及以上内涝积水总面积分别减少31.5%、28.6%、28.3%、20.7%、16.3%、12.7%。本研究应用不同入渗模型揭示了内涝积水程度在不同降雨重现期下的变化规律,对更合理地开展数值模型模拟以及城市雨洪管理工作具有重要借鉴意义。     

考虑土体非饱和特性的斜坡降雨入渗模型及边坡稳定性分析

降雨入渗是诱发滑坡的关键因素,研究斜坡降雨入渗规律对于滑坡的预测与防范具有重要意义。传统的Green-Ampt模型及改进的Green-Ampt模型均假定入渗过程为均匀饱和入渗,忽略了入渗过程中湿润锋锋面上方非饱和区的存在。针对这一不足,首先,基于达西定律分析斜坡内基质吸力的分布规律;然后,结合非饱和土VG模型得到了斜坡内湿润区含水量沿深度变化的函数关系;最后,基于改进的Green-Ampt模型推导了考虑土体非饱和特性的斜坡降雨入渗模型,并将其引入到无限斜坡稳定性分析当中。研究结果表明:与数值解和现有模型相比,考虑土体非饱和特性的降雨入渗模型能更加准确地反映降雨入渗的过程,基于改进模型计算的稳定性系数较好地揭示了恒定降雨强度下斜坡稳定性的变化规律,证明了该方法的正确性和适用性。     

土石山区山坡降雨入渗产流模型

在分析土石山区下垫面特性的基础上,引入碎石体积比例系数量化土壤中碎石对入渗的影响,并考虑山坡基岩凹凸面及封闭裂隙储留,构建了一种包括植被截留、洼地储留、土壤入渗、壤中流、基岩凹凸面及封闭裂隙储留等计算模块的土石山区山坡降雨入渗产流模型;采用径流小区天然降雨产汇流试验对模型进行验证,并与现有山坡降雨入渗产流模型的模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:与现有模型相比,构建的入渗产流模型可以较好地模拟地表径流强度和土壤入渗率,实测值与模型模拟值较为吻合;暴雨期土壤入渗率的模拟值远小于实测值,可能原因在于该模型忽略了碎石与土壤的直接接触面间可能形成的水流快速通道,未考虑土石山区山坡土壤层和基岩层中可能存在的优先流,模型尚需进一步完善和改进。     

黑土区坡地土壤NO_3-N运移规律及模型验证

为了研究黑土区坡地土壤NO_3-N运移规律,采取在径流槽内坡面土壤开展人工模拟降雨的试验方法,探讨不同降雨强度和坡度对土壤中NO_3-N运移过程的影响。试验结果表明:坡度从3°增大到9°时,降雨强度对坡面土壤降雨平均入渗率影响变小,降雨强度对坡面土壤NO_3-N流失影响较大,不同降雨强度和坡度条件下坡面径流中NO_3-N浓度从开始产流迅速变小并逐渐稳定,降雨强度越大,径流中NO_3-N浓度越小。模型模拟表明产流初期完全混合模型和不完全混合模型拟合度不高,不同降雨强度条件下相关系数不完全混合模型高于完全混合模型。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。