牤牛河河口交汇区泥沙冲淤试验研究

本文研究了牤牛河典型洪水以及大凌河、牤牛河发生洪水遭遇时,牤牛河口交汇区泥沙淤积形态及其分布。试验结果表明:牤牛河发生洪水时,交汇区的淤积较大;大凌河洪水先于牤牛河洪水发生时,牤牛河交汇区的泥沙淤积大于牤牛河洪水先于大凌河洪水发生;当稀遇洪水遭遇时,交汇区的淤积量很少,泥沙基本被带往交汇区下游。从动力学角度分析,牤牛河泥沙淤积是必然的。     

牤牛河汇流区淤砂减砂地质勘察研究分析

将泥沙减淤工程与材料利用结合起来既能够达到清淤的效果,又能够产生经济效益和社会效益。白石水库上游牤牛河为多泥沙河流,水库经过多年运行,在大凌河和牤牛河河口处已经发生了严重的泥沙淤积,需要采取一定的工程措施来减少泥沙的淤积。因此,对该河段进行地质勘察研究,查清地质条件和砂砾料存储量是有必要的。文中通过对钻孔取样进行分析评价得出,牤牛河段砂砾石料各项指标均合格,总体质量较好,储量较大,具有开采价值。     

巴家嘴水库运用方式对库区冲淤的影响

对巴家嘴水库各运用时期库区的冲淤规律进行了研究,分析了不同排沙运用方式对库区冲淤的影响。结果表明:蓄水运用时期库区淤积严重,年均排沙比仅为0.043%;第一次自然滞洪运用时,水库淤积仍较为严重,第二次自然滞洪运用时期的库区淤积量比第一次的减少较多;蓄清排浑运用时期水库淤积量明显减少,排沙比为62.6%～77.8%。     

山东黄河挖河试验河段冲淤演变分析

本文分析了山东黄河挖河启动工程实施一年来的河道冲淤演变，在水沙条件接近90年代平均的情况下，挖河河段年回淤量占挖沙总量的54.8%，挖沙减淤比为1∶0.7左右。对其以上河段也有减淤作用。另外挖槽有吸引流势的作用，但没有改变洪水河势。从年内冲淤变化分析，挖河河段仍遵循弯曲性河道中过渡段河道洪淤枯冲的冲淤演变规律，但挖河使通水初期淤积发展加快，相对于不挖河时挖河河段淤积量增多。随着挖河河段回淤及出口以下河段的冲刷，挖河河段由淤积平衡转向冲刷，非汛期挖河河槽冲刷量较非挖河河段多。根据国内外挖槽回淤率分析，优化挖槽深度，减少挖槽与水流方向交角可以减少挖槽回淤率。     

白石水库排沙方案可行性分析

针对白石水库泥沙淤积现状,对现有的排沙方案进行可行性分析,论证利用异重流和汛期泄空排沙方式已不再适应当前水库清淤排沙的要求,有必要采用其他方法减缓库区淤积。     

新疆克孜尔水库人工辅助排沙工程排沙效果初步分析

本文通过对2011~2012年克孜尔水库利用人工辅助排沙工程排沙资料进行分析,得出结论:水库"借助人工辅助排沙工程、汛期降低库水位"调水调沙的运用方式,实现了库区黑孜河库段冲淤基本达到平衡,排沙效果十分理想,发挥了水库的综合利用效益。从而为在多沙河流上修建水库如何解决"减少淤积、保持库容、维持冲淤平衡"的问题提供了借鉴。     

牤牛河河口拦门沙成因分析及解决措施

本文在分析白石水库支流牤牛河河口拦门沙地区的流量、泥沙粒径、含沙量等水动力因素的基础上,总结出大凌河与忙牛河交汇处,即牤牛河河口处泥沙淤积情况的变化规律,初步探讨了解决牤牛河河口拦门沙的技术措施.     

黄河天桥电站库区泥沙淤积分析

依据天桥电站来水、来沙特性和水库淤积测验成果,分析库区泥沙淤积数量、淤积形态和成因,了解泥沙淤积规律,提出排沙减淤延缓淤积速度的水库运行方式.     

浅析鹦鸽嘴水库泥沙淤积与防治

介绍了水库概况 ,同时对水库来沙特性、含沙量变化、库区淤积形态加以分析 ,据此进行水库调度运用 ,利用两高一低水位排沙 ,减淤效果显著     

泥沙跟踪测报系统在冯家山水库工程管理中的运用

冯家山水库泥沙跟踪测报系统实现了对库区淤积形态、异重流运行、推移全过程的实时监测,在主汛期为水库排沙减淤工作提供技术支持.文章就水库淤积、监测必要性、系统基本情况、优越性等进行说明,供相关单位参考.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。