提高防水混凝土抗渗性措施

提高混凝土的抗渗性,应采取控制混凝土配合各项技术参数的措施。防水混凝土的配合比应根据对混凝土强度、抗渗、抗冻等指标和原材料供应,外加剂选择等情况,按照《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》(JGJ55—2000)并通过试配,求得符合设计要求的防水混凝土最佳配合比。如果在实验室装置试块时,其抗渗等级宜比设计要求提高0.2 MPa,即提高2个抗渗等级。 配合比设计中水灰比、坍落度、灰砂比(包括水泥最小用量)、砂率等参数是衡量防水混凝土质量的关键技术指标。     

桃林口水库大坝全断面碾压混凝土配合比设计与试验

桃林口水库工程属国家“八五”重点建设项目之一。该工程地处北方寒冷地区．最大坝高745m，拟采用全断面碾压混凝土筑坝．在我国大型水利工程中尚属首例。为满足高抗冻性、高抗渗性的要求．进行了全断面碾压混凝土配合比试验研究。通过对原材料选择试验、碾压混凝土配合比主要参数选择试验以及大量的混凝土特性试验，并充分发挥外加剂的作用，提出了坝体不同部位碾压混凝土配合比。室内、外试验成果表明，各项性能均满足设计与施工要求。     

三峡船闸混凝土温度控制

由于三峡船闸混凝土具有温控要求严，混凝土强度等级高(C25)，水泥用量大(三级配水泥用量为178kg／m^3)，夏季施工和基础强约束等一系列不利因素，因此，在施工中主要从以下几个方面来降低混凝土温差，确保满足设计要求的混凝土抗裂能力，     

百色水利枢纽变态混凝土应用研究

针对变态混凝土变态材料纯水泥浆液存在水泥含量高、变态用浆量大的问题,首次提出变态混凝土的变态材料采用由水泥、粉煤灰、外加剂和水共同组成的水泥粉煤灰浆液,取代纯水泥浆液,并对这种新形式的变态混凝土进行试验研究,结果表明:变态混凝土的抗压强度、劈拉强度、轴拉强度、弹性模量比碾压混凝土相应指标有所提高,极限拉伸值和抗渗性能有显著提高,变态混凝土各项性能均满足设计要求,变态混凝土水泥用量节约66 kg/m3,技术经济效果显著。     

不同因素交互作用下塑性混凝土性能的优化研究

混凝土配合比设计合理性及原材料选取合理性是导致质量事故的直接原因,不合理的材料选取及配合比设计错误将直接影响结构的安全性。适当的水泥用量、合理的砂率、适中的水胶比以及其他材料等不同因素的交互作用,会影响混凝土的不同性能,开展单一因素研究性能变化规律较不适用,因此采用正交优化试验的方法,研究不同因素交互作用下混凝土各个性能的变化规律,更具实际意义。通过研究水泥掺量、水胶比、砂率、膨润土掺量等因素的不同水平变化,测试混凝土抗压强度、渗透系数以及弹性模量的变化规律,优选最佳配合比。最佳配合比:水泥用量为145kg/m~3,膨润土用量为94kg/m~3,黏土用量为75kg/m~3,用水量为270kg/m~3,砂子用量为864kg/m~3,石子用量为652kg/m~3,外加剂掺量为0.2%。     

银盘电站纵向围堰混凝土配比设计及性能试验

银盘电站按部位及功能分区,坝体内部采用碾压混凝土,坝体外部既有变态混凝土,也有常态混凝土;不同种类不同等级混凝土既要满足强度等级及变形性能要求,又要满足耐久性要求.介绍银盘电站纵向围堰混凝土配合比设计及混凝土性能试验结果,设计满足要求的混凝土配合比.同时结合施工实际,对配合比的使用效果进行了简要的分析总结.     

大花水水电站碾压混凝土配合比试验研究

大花水水电站双曲拱坝最大坝高134．5m，是目前国内外已建最高的碾压混凝土双曲拱坝。为确保该拱坝混凝土施工质量，对碾压混凝土的原材料和配合比进行了试验研究。其研究成果表明，水泥、粉煤灰、砂石骨料、外加剂等原材料均满足规范要求，各种强度等级碾压混凝土配合比的水量适中、胶凝材料总量合适、力学性能满足设计要求，且抗渗与抗冻等级较高、耐久性良好。试验成果已成功应用于该工程中。     

桃林口水库大坝全断面碾压混凝土配合比设计与试验

桃林口水库工程属国家“八五”重点建设项目之一。该工程地处北方寒冷地区，最大坝高74．5m，拟采用全断面碾压混凝土筑坝，在我国大型水利工程中尚属首例。为满足高抗冻性、高抗渗性的要求，进行了全断面碾压混凝土配合比试验研究。通过对原材料选择试验、碾压混凝土配合比主要参数选择试验以及大量的混凝土特性试验，并充分发挥外加剂的作用，提出了坝体不同部位碾压混凝土配合比。室内、外试验成果表明，各项性能均满足设计与施工要求。     

构皮滩电站拱坝混凝土性能试验研究

介绍了构皮滩电站拱坝大体积混凝土配合比设计及混凝土力学性能、变形性能,对混凝土的抗冻性能、抗渗性能及热物理性能进行了测试,配制出了满足设计要求的拱坝混凝土配合比.通过大量强度试验,从强度的角度考虑,拱坝坝体C18025、C18030均可选用0.50的水胶比;综合考虑到混凝土28 d极限拉伸的要求,粉煤灰掺量不可太大.限制常态混凝土最大粉煤灰掺量均在30%以下,按设计上限来掺粉煤灰可以保证混凝土的极限拉伸值等性能.混凝土单位用水量与粗细骨料粒形、级配、石粉含量、外加剂用量、坍落度等要求有关,在以上条件确定的情况下,主要取决于砂率和掺合料种类及掺量.合理的砂率可以使混凝土拌和物获得良好的和易性,并使硬化混凝土获得优良的综合性能.构皮滩电站大坝4级配常态混凝土单位用水量85 kg/m3左右,最优砂率25%.     

C30钢纤维喷射混凝土的配合比设计

文章介绍了C30钢纤维喷射混凝土的配合比设计。施工单位根据设计要求,进行了水泥的相容性试验、室内基体试验、现场试喷试验,根据大量的试验资料确定施工配合比。从而开发出水泥用量仅428kg/m3、粉煤灰48kg/m3、钢纤维45kg/m3的C30钢纤维喷射混凝土的配合比,既满足了设计各项指标的要求,又降低了混凝土的成本。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。