三种人工湿地填料对磷的吸附特性研究

采用等温吸附和吸附动力学实验,研究了三种人工湿地填料页岩、陶粒和砾石对磷的吸附特性。结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir模型均能较好地拟合各填料对磷的吸附特征,各填料对磷的理论饱和吸附量大小依次为页岩(527.992 mg/kg)>陶粒(328.165 mg/kg)>砾石(129.729 mg/kg);各填料对磷的吸附过程分为快、中、慢3个阶段,三种填料对磷的吸附速率依次为页岩>陶粒>砾石;准二级动力学方程、双常数方程和Elovich方程均能较好地描述人工湿地填料对磷的吸附动力学特征,但从相关系数来看,准二级动力学方程的描述更为准确。     

两种湿地基质对磷的吸附性能对比研究

通过针对焦炭、石灰石物理特性与静态试验研究,重点分析2种基质填料对可溶性磷酸盐的吸附性能、稳定性;同时,探讨温度、吸附时间等条件对基质吸附效果的影响。结果表明:2种基质填料均以2~20 nm的介孔为主,比表面积3.004 m~2/g(焦炭)2.163 m~2/g(石灰石);初始磷浓度为3 mg/L,吸附时间6、12、24h条件下,焦炭和石灰石的吸附量G分别为22.3、26.1、26.5和8.2、13.8、14.4 mg/kg,吸附时间12 h后趋于稳定;采用Freundlich和Langmuir方程绘制等温吸附线,基质K值分别为957.41(焦炭)383.71(石灰石),理论饱和吸附量90.91mg/kg(焦炭)37.88mg/kg(石灰石);随着水温从5℃提升到25℃,焦炭和石灰石对磷的去除效果均逐渐升高,在实验条件下,焦炭和石灰石对磷的去除率分别由12%上升到88.3%、12%上升到48%。焦炭对可溶性磷酸盐吸附性能、效果均优于石灰石,且吸附稳定性更好。试验结果为人工湿地除磷基质的选取及工艺设计提供参考。     

城市雨水径流多填料优化组合快速渗蓄试验研究

通过雨水径流渗蓄处理系统的填料筛选及多填料分层组合渗蓄处理径流的效能试验,分析了陶粒、稀土瓷砂、沸石、石英砂对城市雨水径流主要污染物COD及重金属Pb、Zn的吸附性能,研究了多填料优化组合快速渗蓄系统对径流污染物的处理效能。结果表明:陶粒、稀土瓷砂、沸石较石英砂具有更好的径流有机物及重金属污染物的吸附、离子交换等性能。将陶粒、稀土瓷砂、沸石组合作为径流渗蓄池的填料,3种填料各填装一层,每层厚度均为30 cm,则自上而下填料不同的填装组合方式,会导致径流渗蓄处理的效果有明显差异。渗蓄池填料自上而下的最佳分层组合为陶粒-稀土瓷砂-沸石,此时,径流COD、SS的渗蓄去除率分别高达94.82%、97.82%,对Pb、Zn的去除效率分别达到81.05%、75.64%,处理出水的COD约为50mg/L、SS约为25 mg/L、Pb、Zn浓度均约为0.13mg/L。对城市雨水径流的处理,该多填料优化组合快速渗蓄池较传统石英砂快滤池更高效。     

人工湿地基质组合去除氨氮方案筛选及影响因素的动力学分析

采用等温吸附方程对6种基质吸附氨氮的能力进行筛选,并将效果较优的3种材料组合成人工湿地基质试样,通过筛选实验和不同因素影响下的动力学实验,得到不同组合基质的氨氮去除效果,分析不同温度、进水浓度和粒径下的动力学特征。结果表明:沸石、生物陶粒和石灰石质量比在3∶1∶1时除氨氮效果最优,吸附量达到283.814 mg/kg,去除率为94.61%。随着温度增高,氨氮吸附量减小。进水浓度的增加虽然可以增加吸附量,但会降低吸附效率。改变粒径对吸附量有一定影响,但并不显著。从相关系数来看,准二级比一级动力学能更好地模拟基质吸附氨氮的过程,在估算改变温度对平衡吸附量影响时,一级动力学估算更为准确,在改变进水浓度和粒径时,二级动力学较优。     

改性沸石吸附水中铬(Ⅵ)的试验研究

采用氯化铁改性后的沸石对溶液中的铬(Ⅵ)进行静态吸附试验,研究了溶液pH值吸附时间、吸附剂用量、铬(Ⅵ)初始浓度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,改性沸石吸附铬(Ⅵ)的速度比天然沸石快,1h内可达到吸附平衡;溶液pH值在偏酸性时更有利于吸附进行;用Langmuir方程拟合了吸附等温线(R=0.9999),可用二级动力学方程描述吸附动力学过程,实验条件下计算的最大吸附量为1.18mg/g.     

锁磷剂Phoslock除磷试验研究

研究了锁磷剂(Phoslock)吸附除磷的效果及动力学,当原水磷酸盐浓度为1 mg/L时(以P计),处理水中磷酸盐随Phoslock的投加量增加而减少,pH为9～10时除磷效果最佳;动力学试验表明,Phoslock除磷具有持续性和长效性;Phoslock对磷酸盐的吸附可较好拟合Langmuir等温线;解吸附试验表明,磷酸盐的吸附与解吸处于动态平衡,解吸的磷酸盐浓度较低,不会对处理效果造成显著影响。     

沸石吸附水体中氨氮的热力学和动力学过程研究

随着近年来各大自然水体富营养化程度的加重,废水中氨氮的处理显得尤为重要。我国浙江缙云有丰富的沸石矿藏,研究其对于沸石的吸附过程有着明显的应用价值。实验结果显示:在288～318 K范围内的温度对沸石吸附氨氮过程影响较小,在氨氮初始浓度为30 mg/L的条件下,小粒径沸石对氨氮的48 h吸附容量为1.13±0.06 mg/g,去除率为91%。大粒径沸石对氨氮的48 h吸附容量为1.10±0.06 mg/g,去除率为87%。沸石对氨氮的吸附过程遵循二级吸附动力学方程,Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程均适用于描述沸石吸附氨氮的热力学过程。本研究表明天然沸石是一种合适的吸附剂,可用于废水或者天然水体中氨氮的去除。     

潜流湿地对微污染水体中氮磷去除效果的中试研究

以南京水利科学研究院铁心桥试验基地内象目湖微污染水体为对象,研究总氮大于1.0 m3/(m2·d)的高水力负荷条件下,鹅卵石、陶粒、砾石、钢渣、蛭石、碎石和砂子等多种基质和再力花、芦苇、美人蕉及菖蒲等水生植物组合条件下的垂直流湿地和水平潜流湿地对氮磷的去除效果。试验结果表明:进水总氮浓度在0.793~2.662 mg/L时,种植菖蒲,填料从上到下分别为鹅卵石、碎石、粗砂和细砂的垂直潜流湿地单元(20单元)出水总氮平均浓度最低,为0.905 mg/L;总氮、氨氮和硝态氮平均去除率最高,达80.89%,43.06%和46.32%;总氮浓度从Ⅳ类水体提升至Ⅲ类。进水TP浓度在0.035~1.003 mg/L时,20单元总磷平均去除率最高,为30.59%,价格相对便宜的碎石对磷素的去除效果较好。种植菖蒲及填料组合为鹅卵石、碎石、粗砂和细砂的人工湿地处理单元可以应用于饮用水源地原水等微污染水强化处理。     

锰砂/石英砂滤池与纳滤膜组合工艺去除水中砷的研究

采用锰砂/石英砂滤池与纳滤膜组合工艺处理含砷水,考察锰砂/石英砂、纳滤膜(NF90、HL)、锰砂/石英砂滤池与纳滤膜组合工艺对水中砷的去除效果.结果表明,三价砷(As(Ⅲ))和五价砷(As(Ⅴ))经锰砂/石英砂过滤后能得到很好的去除,原水砷浓度250 μg/L,出水砷浓度小于50μg/L;纳滤膜对五价砷(As(Ⅴ))的去除能力很高,能达到90%以上,但是对三价砷(As(Ⅲ))的去除率不理想,为40%～60%;锰砂/石英砂复合滤池与纳滤膜组合工艺对水中砷有很好的去除效果,出水砷浓度均小于10μg/L,是理想的饮用水除砷方法.     

人工湿地对暴雨径流中氨氮的去除效果研究

采用细沙砾石混合填料的人工湿地系统对暴雨径流中氨氮的去除进行模拟研究。结果表明,在停留时间2d,连续进水的情况下,细沙砾石混合填料对氨氮有较好的去除效果,出水氨氮浓度稳定在0.2—0.6mg/L,去除率达到90%以上。并通过实验数据比较得出暴雨径流湿地系统氨氮去除率与湿地坡比、污水停留时间以及进水负荷之间的关系。     

不同生态河道基质材料对氮磷的吸附对比研究

生态河道构建是一种有效的河流水体修复技术,选择合适的基质材料构建生态河道,能改善其对污染物质的净化效果.对比研究了砾石、砂子和沸石3种不同生态材料在不同氮磷水平下对氮磷的强化吸附性能,并对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨.试验结果表明,Freundlich等温吸附方程能较好地描述3种材料的吸附性能,对于氮、磷的饱和吸附能力依次为沸石＞砾石＞砂子.开发利用吸附能力较强的砾石或是利用吸附能力更强的沸石作为生态河道基质材料,是构建生态河道的一种有效措施.     

天然沸石对地下水中铁锰的吸附性能研究

地下水常含有铁锰,吸附法除铁除锰简单实用。采用天然沸石对地下水中铁锰进行吸附试验研究。试验结果表明:天然沸石对铁锰的吸附符合弗劳德利希吸附等温式,去除率随着沸石投加量的增大而逐渐提高;原溶液浓度越高,铁、锰的吸附量则越大;原溶液浓度不同时,铁的去除率随原溶液浓度增加而逐渐下降;锰的去除率在溶液浓度5 mg/L时呈现下降趋势;铁和锰的最佳吸附时间分别为30 min和20 min,铁锰吸附时间大于相应最佳吸附时间时,则两者吸附量都会下降。为期70 d的试验表明,天然沸石除锰效果不好,出水水质最低含锰量超过0.1 mg/L,出水水质基本都没达到国家标准(≤0.1 mg/L),而除铁的出水水质基本都在国家饮用水卫生标准值0.3 mg/L以内,最低值接近0.0 mg/L,其整体除铁效果要好于除锰。     

An approach for phosphate removal with quartz sand, ceramsite, blast furnace slag and steel slag as seed crystal

The phosphate removal abilities and crystallization performance of quartz sand, ceramsite, blast furnace slag and steel slag were investigated. The residual phosphate concentrations in the reaction solutions were not changed by addition of the ceramsite, quartz sand and blast furnace slag. The steel slag could provide alkalinity and Ca(2+) to the reaction solution due to its hydration activity, and performed a better phosphate removal performance than the other three. Under the conditions of Ca/P 2.0, pH 8.5 and 10 mg P/L, the phosphate crystallization occurred during 12 h. The quartz sand and ceramsite did not improve the phosphate crystallization, but steel slag was an effective seed crystal. The phosphate concentration decreased drastically after 12 h after addition of steel slag, and near complete removal was achieved after 48 h. The XRD analysis showed that the main crystallization products were hydroxyapatite (HAP) and the crystallinity increased with the reaction time. Phosphate was successfully recovered from low phosphate concentration wastewater using steel slag as seed material.     

Influence of groundwater composition on subsurface iron and arsenic removal

Subsurface arsenic and iron removal (SAR/SIR) is a novel technology to remove arsenic, iron and other groundwater components by using the subsoil. This research project investigated the influence of the groundwater composition on subsurface treatment. In anoxic sand column experiments, with synthetic groundwater and virgin sand, it was found that several dissolved substances in groundwater compete for adsorption sites with arsenic and iron. The presence of 0.01 mmol L(-1) phosphate, 0.2 mmol L(-1) silicate, and 1 mmol L(-1) nitrate greatly reduced the efficiency of SAR, illustrating the vulnerability of this technology in diverse geochemical settings. SIR was not as sensitive to other inorganic groundwater compounds, though iron retardation was limited by 1.2 mmol L(-1) calcium and 0.06 mmol L(-1) manganese.     

Four years of development and field-testing of IHE arsenic removal family filter in rural Bangladesh

UNESCO-IHE has been developing an arsenic removal family filter with a capacity of 100 L/day based on arsenic adsorption onto iron oxide coated sand, a by-product of iron removal plants. The longer term and field conditions performance of the third generation of eleven family filters prototypes were tested in rural Bangladesh for 30 months. All filters achieved initially highly effective arsenic removal irrespective of arsenic concentration and groundwater composition. Arsenic level in filtrate reached 10 mug/l after 50 days of operation at one testing site and after 18 months of continuous operation at other 3 testing sites. Arsenic level at other 7 sites remained below the WHO guideline value till the end of study. Positive correlation was found between arsenic removal capacity of the filter and iron concentration in groundwater. In addition to arsenic, iron present in groundwater at all testing sites was also removed highly effectively. Manganese removal with IHE family filter was effective only when treating groundwater with low ammonia. A simple polishing sand filter, after IHE family filter, resulted in consistent and effective removal of manganese. IHE family filters were easy to operate and were well accepted by the local population.     

吸附法去除地下水铁锰的研究进展

为了解决地下水铁、锰含量过高的问题,在众多研究方法中,吸附法由于具有容量大、耗能少、污染小、去除快和可循环等优点,被广泛应用于地下水除铁除锰中。重点介绍了锰砂、沸石、火山岩、生物质、活性炭和硅碳素等吸附剂的吸附原理与吸附效果,阐述了一部分吸附剂的改性效果与影响因素。指出了各种吸附剂未来的改进方法和研究方向锰砂可以通过改性来弱化pH值等影响因素对它的吸附影响,沸石和火山岩的研究重心可继续放在改性上,重点研究污染区域的生物质的吸附效果,研究硅碳素与其他吸附剂联合吸附的效果。     

Enhancing the removal of arsenic, boron and heavy metals in subsurface flow constructed wetlands using different supporting media

The presence of arsenic and heavy metals in drinking water sources poses a serious health risk due to chronic toxicological effects. Constructed wetlands have the potential to remove arsenic and heavy metals, but little is known about pollutant removal efficiency and reliability of wetlands for this task. This lab-scale study investigated the use of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands for removing arsenic, boron, copper, zinc, iron and manganese from synthetic wastewater. Gravel, limestone, zeolite and cocopeat were employed as wetland media. Conventional gravel media only showed limited capability in removing arsenic, iron, copper and zinc; and it showed virtually no capability in removing manganese and boron. In contrast, alternative wetland media: cocopeat, zeolite and limestone, demonstrated significant efficiencies--in terms of percentage removal and mass rate per m3 of wetland volume--for removing arsenic, iron, manganese, copper and zinc; their ability to remove boron, in terms of mass removal rate, was also higher than that of the gravel media. The overall results demonstrated the potential of using vertical flow wetlands to remove arsenic and metals from contaminated water, having cocopeat, zeolite or limestone as supporting media.