Multivariate Drought Assessment Considering the Antecedent Drought Conditions

Several drought indices have been developed based on a single variable or multiple variables using very complex calculations. Antecedent conditions are quite significant for analyzing physical processes involved in the conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling and for proper assessment of drought. However, not much attention has been paid to these conditions in the development of drought indices. Hence, we developed an alternative index for drought assessment, i.e., the antecedent condition-based multivariate drought index (AMDI), by taking into consideration all of the forms of drought, including meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, in combination with the antecedent drought conditions. By comparing the AMDI with the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and reconnaissance drought index (RDI), it was revealed that in most cases, the drought trend was more or less the same. However, some discrepancies were also observed. Moreover, by considering additional factors, i.e., the antecedent soil moisture conditions and balance, an approximately 6 % difference in the drought frequency was observed compared to that of the SPI and RDI results, leading to a significant and proper drought assessment. The AMDI was also identified as a multi-scalar, multivariate index, which aggregates the effects of multiple drought forms by maintaining the continuity during month-to-month transitions. Hence, we concluded that the AMDI could be considered as an alternative tool for significant drought assessment.     

近500年旱灾统计显示的旱灾趋势

历史水旱灾害的统计分析显示:干旱与洪水灾害的发生频率几乎相当,在淮河以北的北方旱灾是主要自然灾害。研究历史时期特大持续性干旱问题,对防范黄淮海流域极端旱灾,部署减灾防灾的工程和非工程措施具有重要意义。本文将在近500年历史旱灾资料的基础上,重点研究黄淮海流域500年特大持续干旱及旱灾,并对其规律进行初步探讨。     

贵州省旱灾成因及其减灾对策

贵州省地处高原山区，各种自然灾害频繁，旱灾是主要的灾害之一。旱灾受灾范围广、发生频次高，已成为制约社会经济发展的重要因素。本文在充分分析旱灾成因、水资源开发利用及其存在问题的基础上，提出推广雨洪水利用、加快水利工程除险加固及灌溉配套工程建设、大力发展提水工程、加强水资源的统一管理、重视抗旱预案编制工作和推行水资源危机管理制度等减轻旱灾的一些对策。     

关于旱情与旱灾等级标准划分的探讨

本文对旱情旱灾等级划分标准进行了定性和量化，提出了相应的运用条件，以适应旱情和旱情评定工作在生产管理工作中的需要。     

基于当前旱情的思考及抗旱措施分析

在分析我国旱情监测状况的基础上对旱情监测工作提出了合理化建议,并针对旱情发生的实际情况进一步提出了抗旱的措施以促进该项工作的进一步开展。     

Investigation of Drought Trend on the Basis of the Best Obtained Drought Index

Water Resources Management - The drought phenomenon is a primary natural hazard in Iran. The drought can be analyzed using different indices. Therefore, the use of suitable indices will have an...     

Drought Monitoring by Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) in Iran

Drought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran and frequently affects a large number of people, causing tremendous economic losses, environmental damages and social hardships. Especially, drought has a strong impact on water resources in Iran. This situation has made more considerations toward the study and management of drought. The present study is focused on two important indices; SPI and RDI, for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months time scales in 40 meteorological synoptic stations in Iran. In the case of RDI computation, potential evapotranspiration was an important factor toward drought monitoring. So, evapotranspiration was calculated by Penman-Monteith equation. The correlation of RDI and SPI was also surveyed. Drought severity maps for SPI and RDI were also presented in the driest year (1999–2000). The present results have shown that the correlation of SPI and RDI was more considerable in the 3, 6 and 9 months than longer time scales. Furthermore, drought severity maps have shown that during 1999–2000, the central, eastern and south-eastern parts of Iran faced extremely dry conditions. While, according to SPI and RDI trends, other parts of the country suffered from severe drought. The SPI and RDI methods showed approximately similar results for the effect of drought on different regions of Iran. Since, RDI resolved more climatic parameters, such as evapotranspiration, into account which had an important role in water resource losses in the Iranian basins, it was worthwhile to consider RDI in drought monitoring in Iran, too.     

浅析我国局部地区干旱成因及抗旱战略问题

阐述干旱灾害的严重性和复杂性,解释我国干旱地区的干旱形成原因,分析了我国抗旱工作的战略对策,最后指出抗旱工作中的问题,并提出了几点建议。     

编制抗旱预案推进城市抗旱工作

为适应新时期水利事业发展的需要,提高应对突发性事件的能力,增强抗旱工作的主动性,有必要编制城市抗旱预案,以便在工作中有的放矢,避免浪费资源,实现人水和谐。     

Probabilistic Characteristics of Drought Propagation from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought in South Korea

Water Resources Management - A reliable understanding of propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought is necessary for accurate forecasting of hydrological droughts. Our current...     

Assessment of Hydrological Drought Revisited

A variety of indices for characterising hydrological drought have been devised which, in general, are data demanding and computationally intensive. On the contrary, for meteorological droughts very simple and effective indices such as the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) have been used. A methodology for characterising the severity of hydrological droughts is proposed which uses an index analogous to SPI, the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). Cumulative streamflow is used for overlapping periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months within each hydrological year. Drought states are defined which form a non-stationary Markov chain. Prediction of hydrological drought based on precipitation is also investigated. The methodology is validated using reliable data from the Evinos river basin (Greece). It can be easily applied within a Drought Watch System in river basins with significant storage works and can cope with the lack of streamflow data.     

浅析我国局部地区干旱成因及抗旱战略问题

阐述干旱灾害的严重性和复杂性,解释我国干旱地区的干旱形成原因,分析了我国抗旱工作的战略对策,最后指出抗旱工作中的问题,并提出了几点建议.     

Regional Drought Assessment Based on the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)

Regional drought assessment is conventionally based on drought indices for the identification of drought intensity, duration and areal extent. In this study, a new index, the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) is proposed together with the well known Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the method of deciles. The new index exhibits significant advantages over the other indices by including apart from precipitation, an additional meteorological parameter, the potential evapotranspiration. The drought assessment is achieved using the above indices in two river basins, namely Mornos and Nestos basins in Greece. It is concluded that although the RDI generally responds in a similar fashion to the SPI (and to a lesser extent to the deciles), it is more sensitive and suitable in cases of a changing environment.     

基于联合干旱指数的黄河流域干旱时空特征

依据黄河流域100个气象站1961—2013年的降水数据,采用高斯Copula函数并联合5个时间尺度的标准降水指数(SPI),构建了联合干旱指数(JDI),进而剖析流域干旱时空演变特性和评估历史时期干旱特征(历时、烈度)及联合特征分布规律。结果表明:JDI具备短时间尺度SPI对干旱事件开始时刻的快速捕捉能力,同时考虑到长时间尺度SPI的时间滞后性,在捕捉干旱传播及演变过程方面体现出较大优势;从时空分布特征来看,黄河流域中南部地区在20世纪90年代存在明显的干旱高频区,渭河、泾河、洛河流域存在以年代为周期的旱涝交替现象;黄河流域西北部地区、北部河套平原和大黑河子流域及中南部少数地区比其他地区更易发生长历时、大烈度干旱事件;变动阈值水平能引起历时和烈度较大的变化幅度,而联合特征对阈值水平变化的响应不敏感。     

Drought Concepts and Characterization

Abstract

A better knowledge of droughts is required to improve water management in water scarce areas. To appropriately cope with droughts, there is the need to adopt adequate concepts relative to droughts and water scarcity, to properly use drought indices that help characterize them, including ones relative to their severity, and to develop prediction tools that may be useful for early warning and that may reduce the respective lead time needed for appropriate response. In this paper, concepts relative to drought and other water scarcity regimes are discussed aiming both to distinguish droughts from other water scarcity regimes and to base a common understanding of the general characteristics of droughts as hazards and disasters. Three main drought indices are described aiming at appropriate characterization of droughts: the theory of runs, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Their application to local and regional droughts in the region of Alentejo, Portugal is presented focusing on the respective comparison and possible adequateness for drought monitoring. Results indicate some difficulties in using the theory of runs, particularly because it requires a subjective definition of thresholds in precipitation and does not provide a standardized classification of severity. Results show that draught characterization with the PDSI and the SPI produce coherent information, but the PDSI is limited relative to the SPI because it requires more data to perform a soil water balance while the SPI needs only precipitation data, which are more easily available in numerous locations. It is concluded that adopting the SPI is appropriate, but there is advantage in combining different indices to characterize droughts.     

日照市2006年旱情分析及抗旱减灾对策

2006年是日照市继2002年特大干旱后的又一个枯水年,干旱和水利工程现状再次敲响了水资源紧缺的警钟。旱情分忻与抗旱减灾对策的实施,为应对出现的旱情,使有限的水资源发挥最大效益,确保城乡生活、工农业生产的安全,保持该市经济和社会持续发展的大好局面,产生积极的影响。     

长沙市农业干旱规律分析及旱情预报模型探讨

文章依据长沙市历年降水资料，采用标准差法确定干旱指标，对长沙市建国以来干旱等级进行了评定，分析研究了长沙市干旱发生的基本特征，并提出了旱情预报模型。     

Linking Drought Indicators to Policy Actions in the Tagus Basin Drought Management Plan

One crucial aspect of drought management plans is to establish a link between basin drought state and management actions. Basin state is described by a drought indicator system that includes variables like precipitation, streamflow, reservoir inflow, reservoir storage and groundwater piezometric levels. Basin policy consists on a catalogue of management actions, ranging from enforcing demand reduction strategies to establishing priority of users to allocate scarce water or approving emergency works. In this paper, the methodology applied in the Tagus Basin Drought Management Plan to link operational drought indicators to policy actions in regulated water supply systems is presented. The methodology is based on the evaluation of the probability of not being able to satisfy system demands for a given time horizon. A simplified model of every water resources system in the basin was built to evaluate the threshold of reservoir volume that is required to overcome the drought situation without deficit. For each reservoir level, a set of policy actions is proposed with the goal of guaranteeing essential demands during drought conditions. The methodology was validated with a simulation of system behavior for 60 years of historic streamflow series, finding acceptable results in most systems.     

Assessment of Trend in Global Drought Propensity in the Twenty-First Century Using Drought Management Index

This study attempts to perform a global analysis of the trend in drought propensity in the twenty-first century using bias corrected soil moisture simulations from two General Circulation Model (GCMs) outputs based on the Representative Concentration Pathway-8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. Drought propensity is characterized in terms of the probabilistic index – Drought Management Index (DMI), which is suitable for the assessment of slowly varying changes in soil moisture drought on a multi-year time scale. A global gridded analysis is performed to assess the future trend in drought propensity at each location on the globe over the twenty-first century. Regional analysis is also carried out to investigate the trends, if any, at the continental scale. A significant increasing trend in drought propensity is observed in large parts of Africa, South America and Asia, whereas a significant decreasing trend is observed in the northern parts of Europe and North America. This study helps to assess the spatio-temporal propagation of global drought propensity in future and aids in identifying the regions that would be relatively more/less prone to droughts towards the end of the century.     

Identifying the Drought Impact Factors and Developing Drought Scenarios Using the DSD Model

Water Resources Management - Droughts have become increasingly severe and frequent due to climate change. Droughts cause water scarcity and various socio-economic issues. Therefore, it is necessary...