紊流模型对底坎绕流模拟效果的比较

利用Fluent软件,选取了Spalart-Allmaras模型、标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型和realizable k-ε模型共4种涡黏系数的湍流模型,对底坎绕流问题进行了数值模拟。结果表明:4种模型模拟的底坎附近的流动特征基本一致,但在回流长度、分离主涡的涡心位置及水头损失等参数方面,RNG k-ε模型的模拟效果最好,标准k-ε模型的模拟效果较差,而realizable k-ε模型和Spalart-Allmaras模型的效果居中。     

TWO DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN RESERVOIR

1 .　INTRODUCTIONThethree physicalcausesaffectingreservoirflowandsedimentationarewind ,solarradiationandriverinflow .Themostimportantcauseformixinganddispersionofmassandenergyiswind ,whichatmoderatespeedcanbreakupthermalstratificationanddensityflow .Thusnumericalsimulationofwinddrivencirculationisessentialinprovidinginformationonmasstransportconditioninreservoirandindeterminingthelocation ,wherethewatercanbesafelyabstracted .Italsohaspracticalapplicationinmonitoringreservoir .Thisisveryim…     

Numerical and experimental turbulence studies on shallow open channel flows

The standard shallow water equations (SWEs) model has been proven to be insufficient to consider the flow turbulence due to its simplified Reynolds-averaged form. In this study, the k-ε model was used to improve the ability of the SWEs model to capture the flow turbulence. In terms of the numerical source terms modelling, the combined SWEs k-ε model was improved by a recently proposed surface gradient upwind method (SGUM) to facilitate the extra turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) source terms in the simulation. The laboratory experiments on both the smooth and rough bed flows were also conducted under the uniform and non-uniform flow conditions for the validation of the proposed numerical model. The numerical simulations were compared with the measured data in the flow velocity, TKE and power spectrum. In the power spectrum comparisons, a well-studied Kolmogorov's rule was also employed to complement both the numerical and experimental results and to demonstrate that the energy cascade trend was well-held in the investigated flows.     

超高水头竖井旋流泄洪洞不同湍流模型数值模拟

基于VOF法,分别选取标准k-ε紊流模型、RNG k-ε紊流模型和Realizable k-ε紊流模型,对某一超高水头、大泄量竖井旋流泄洪洞的水力特性进行数值模拟,并将紊流模型计算结果与模型实验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明:3种紊流模型模拟计算所得的空腔直径、竖井壁面压强、旋流角等参数变化趋势与模型试验测试结果基本相同,但量值有所差别。相比较而言,Realizable k-ε紊流模型计算所得旋转水流的空腔直径、压坡底板与部分竖井壁面压强、旋流角在量值上更接近试验测量值。因此,Realizable k-ε紊流模型能够更好地模拟这种具有超高水头、大泄量、强旋转并带有自由液面旋转水流的水力特性。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF MEANDERING RIVER BASED ON 3-D RNG k-ε TURBULENCE MODEL

A 3-D numerical model for calculating flow in non-curvilinear coordinates was established in this article. The flow was simulated by solving the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the RNG k-ε turbulence model. In the horizontal x-y-plane, a boundary-fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system was adopted, while in the vertical direction, a co-ordinate transformation was used to represent the free surface and bed topography. The water level was determined by solving the 2-D Poisson equation derived from 2-D depth averaged momentum equations. The finite-volume method was used to discretize the equations and the SIMPLEC algorithm was applied to acquire the coupling of velocity and pressure. This model was applied to simulate the meandering channels and natural rivers, and the water levels and the velocities for all sections were given. By contrasting and analyzing, the agreement with measurements is generally good. The feasibility studies of simulating flow of the natural river have been conducted to demonstrate its applicability to hydraulic engineering research.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ENERGY DISSIPATION CHARACTERISTICS IN STILLING BASIN OF MULTI-HORIZONTAL SUBMERGED JETS

3-D numerical simulation was carried out for the water flow in a stilling basin with multi-horizontal submerged jets by using two different turbulence models, namely, the VOF RNG k - ? and Mixture RNG k - ? turbulence models. The calculated water depth, velocity profile and pressure distribution are in good agreement with the data obtained in experiments. It indicates that the numerical simulation can effectively be used to study the water flow movement and the energy dissipation mechanism. The numerical simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy distribution obtained by using the Mixture turbulence model covers a region about 18% larger than that calculated by using the VOF turbulence model, and is in better agreement with the actual situation. Furthermore, the Mixture turbulence model is better than the VOF turbulence model in calculating the air entrainment.     

虹吸式出水流道水力性能数值计算湍流模型适用性

为寻求适用于大型低扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道水力性能数值计算的湍流模型,首先采用透明流道模型对某低扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道进行了试验研究,测试了流道水头损失并分析了流道内流态; 在网格无关性分析的基础上,选择常用的一方程湍流模型(S-A湍流模型)、二方程湍流模型(k-ε湍流模型、k-ω湍流模型)及Reynolds Stress湍流模型分别对该虹吸式出水流道水力性能进行了三维湍流流动数值计算,并将计算结果与模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明:与一方程湍流模型和Reynolds Stress湍流模型相比,二方程湍流模型在虹吸式出水流道水头损失的计算中更具优越性,采用Standard k-ε,Realizable k-ε和SST k-ω等3种二方程湍流模型计算得到的流道水头损失相对误差小于3%,其中,Standard k-ε湍流模型计算得到的流场与模型试验结果最吻合。     

黄河大柳树—沙坡头河段典型弯道水流运动平面二维数值模拟

建立了适体坐标系下的平面二维紊流水流数学模型,对黄河在宁夏回族自治区中卫市境内的大柳树—沙坡头河段典型弯道的水流运动进行数值模拟。为了反映弯道环流的影响,对动量方程进行修正,紊流模型采用修正的RNGk-ε模型。通过对黄河大柳树—沙坡头河段连续弯道水流运动数值计算结果与实测结果的对比分析,表明该模型能够准确地模拟具有复杂地形的天然河流弯道中的水流运动。利用所建立的模型计算了4种典型工况下水面的纵比降和横比降,得到一些有益的结论。     

龙抬头泄洪洞水力特性的数值模拟

以某水电站泄洪洞为研究对象,结合大比尺水工模型试验,采用RNG k-ε数值模型,利用VOF法追踪自由液面,对龙抬头泄洪洞的流场进行了三维水力特性的数值模拟,并提出2种增加掺气设施的修改方案。结果表明:数值模拟结果与水工模型实测值吻合较好,该方法可以较好地模拟三维流场;增加掺气设施后可以有效地减轻下游反弧段的空蚀破坏。     

湍黏系数对浅滩海域三维风暴潮的影响

利用WRF大气模式和基于有限体积法的三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,建立了连云港及其附近浅滩海域的三维风暴潮流数学模型。运用k-ε和MY-2.5两种不同的湍流模型,对"韦帕"台风作用下的三维风暴潮流进行了数值模拟,并对计算得到的三维风暴潮流流场结果和垂向湍流黏性系数结果进行了对比分析。计算分析结果表明,两种不同湍流模型计算所得的风暴潮增水差别很小,可以忽略;但在风生流较强的时间段内,MY-2.5湍流模型计算所得的水平流速流向沿垂向分布并不一致,而k-ε湍流模型的计算结果较好,与实测分层潮流资料更为符合。研究结果表明,垂向湍流黏性系数沿水深的垂向分布对浅滩海域风暴潮流水平流速的垂向结构至关重要,建议选用k-ε湍流模型计算垂向湍流黏性系数和湍流扩散系数。     

双孔护镜门闸顶泄流水动力特性与流态特征的三维数值模拟研究

江苏南京三汊河河口闸工程采用双孔护镜闸门,为了准确揭示其典型挡水工况下(大闸门关闭,闸顶溢流)闸后水流的水动力特性与流态特征,本文建立了基于时均雷诺方程和RNG k-ε紊流模型方程的封闭模型方程组,对河口闸典型挡水工况的泄流流态进行了三维数值仿真研究。采用非结构化四面体网格和分体网格技术对复杂边界条件下的数值模拟进行优化。计算结果与物理模型试验结果吻合良好,揭示了典型挡水工况下水闸下游水流流态、涡漩结构规律和流速分布特征,对这种新型闸门的安全运行与结构稳定具有重要意义。     

辐流式沉淀池液固两相流力学特性三维数值模拟

采用两相流混合模型,选取RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭两相流时均方程,对辐流式二次沉淀池液固两相流力学特性进行三维数值模拟。采用有限体积法求解微分方程;紊动能、紊流耗散均采用Quick离散格式;速度与压力耦合求解时使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法。通过模拟获得了速度场、紊动能和污泥质量浓度等参量在空间的分布规律,对沉淀池的设计有一定的参考价值。     

泄洪洞旋流阻塞消能的数值模拟

运用标准κ-ε模型、RNGκ-ε模型、Realizableκ-ε模型、标准κ-ω模型,并结合VOF法对公伯峡水电站右岸泄洪洞的水流进行数值模拟,利用原型观测资料对计算结果进行对比验证,结果表明RNGκ-ε模型的模拟结果与原型观测资料最为接近。在此基础上,把原泄洪洞的旋流洞及其后段简化为直洞并在直洞不同位置布置阻塞,然后应用RNGκ-ε模型对其内部水流进行数值模拟,通过比较消能率、沿程压力及流场空化数分布,得出阻塞最佳布置位置,并给出最佳位置下水流的湍流特性。     

库什塔依水电站导流兼泄洪洞底流消能设计的数值模拟

库什塔依水电站导流兼泄洪洞出口消能根据地形条件采用底流消能工消能。通过采用RNG k~ε模型模拟湍流,利用VOF法追踪自由水面,对通过物理模型试验最终确定的消力池及其辅助消能工体形进行三维流场数值模拟计算,并将物理模型试验结果与数值模拟计算结果进行对比,分析表明两者吻合较好,其结果可以为底流消能体形优化设计提供依据。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OF PLUNGE POOL AND ENERGY DISSIPATION ANALYSIS

A 3-D numerical model for simulating the complicated turbulent flows was developed and the code was made. A numerical calculation of the plunge pool of Laxiwa project in China was carried on. Those 3-D distributions of velocity,pressure on bottom wall,turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence energy dissipation rate are revealed in detail and the detailed flow patterns of plunge pool were shown. By studying on the characteristics of turbulent diffusion and energy dissipation,the calculated results show that the major turbulence and energy dissipation are taken place near the axis of water jet. The calculated results also indicated that the calculated maximum impact pressures on the bottom wall of the plunge pool have a good agreement with those obtained by physical hydraulic model test.     

Unsteady shallow meandering flows in rectangular reservoirs: A modal analysis of URANS modelling

Shallow flows are common in natural and human-made environments. Even for simple rectangular shallow reservoirs, recent laboratory experiments show that the developing flow fields are particularly complex, involving large-scale turbulent structures. For specific combinations of reservoir size and hydraulic conditions, a meandering jet can be observed. While some aspects of this pseudo-2D flow pattern can be reproduced using a 2D numerical model, new 3D simulations, based on the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, show consistent advantages as presented herein. A Proper Orthogonal Decomposition was used to characterize the four most energetic modes of the meandering jet at the free surface level, allowing comparison against experimental data and 2D (depth-averaged) numerical results. Three different isotropic eddy viscosity models (RNG k-ε, k-ε, k-ω) were tested. The 3D models accurately predicted the frequency of the modes, whereas the amplitudes of the modes and associated energy were damped for the friction-dominant cases and augmented for non-frictional ones. The performance of the three turbulence models remained essentially similar, with slightly better predictions by RNG k-ε model in the case with the highest Reynolds number. Finally, the Q-criterion was used to identify vortices and study their dynamics, assisting on the identification of the differences between: i) the three-dimensional phenomenon (here reproduced), ii) its two-dimensional footprint in the free surface (experimental observations) and iii) the depth-averaged case (represented by 2D models).     

分岔管道三维湍流水力特性数值模拟

建立了分岔管道水动力学的计算模型,求解三维贴体坐标系下水流控制方程。计算中采用修正的k-ε湍流模型,应用有限体积法离散方程,物理变量采用同位网格布置,控制体表面上各变量的值用界面动量插值法计算,速度-压力耦合计算采用SIMPLEC算法。本文应用该数值模型模拟了三维弯道水流的水力特性,并与模型试验实测值进行了比较,结果吻合较好。最后应用该数值模型预测了35°分岔管道连接区域三种流动情况的水力特性。     

竖井式进/出水口布置形式对水流特性的影响

抽水蓄能电站竖井式进/出水口总体布置及边界复杂,水流条件易受体型轮廓影响。为研究进/出水口布置形式对水流的影响,在计算方法得到试验验证的基础上,采用基于VOF两相流的RNG k-ε湍流模型对工程中常见的布置形式进行三维数值模拟,分析了扩散段形式和分流孔数对水头损失、流速分布及流态的影响。研究成果对竖井式进/出水口的水力设计具有重要参考价值。     

CALCULATION OF THERMAL AND SALINE TURBULENT FLOW BY k-ε MODEL

1 .　INTRODUCTIONStratifiedflowisakindofflowthatcontainsdensitygradientinthespace .Itisaverycommonphenomenonofflowinginnaturalenvironment,nearthedischargeexitofsewageinthecity ,inthepondusedinindustryandintheriver ,thelakeandthesea ,whereconsistence ,thermalordensitystratificationcanbeformed .Itiswellknownthatdensitystratificationwillexertastronginfluenceonturbulentmixing ;ifthethermalstratificationisexistentatthesametime ,thestateofstratificationwillchange .Ontheotherhand ,changeofthesta…     

双浅水垫消力池水力特性的数值模拟与试验研究

结合大渡河泸定水电站右岸2#泄洪洞出口消力池体型优化试验,在一般浅水垫消力池体型的基础上,提出了一种双浅水垫消力池的新体型。为了深入探究该型消力池的消能机理及其水力特性,采用三维RNGk-ε紊流模型对双浅水垫消力池进行了数值模拟计算研究,并与传统的底流消力池及单浅水垫消力池(跌坎式)的数值计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,双浅水垫消力池更能充分发挥浅水垫的"垫层"作用,能有效地降低消力池临底流速,水跃流态更好且稳定,消能效果较佳;同时,消力池底板动水压力分布也更加均匀,对消力池稳定性和安全有利。