Optimization and coordination of South-to-North Water Diversion supply chain with strategic customer behavior

The South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) Project is a significant engineering project meant to solve water shortage problems in North China. Faced with market operations management of the water diversion system, this study defined the supply chain system for the SNWD Project, considering the actual project conditions, built a decentralized decision model and a centralized decision model with strategic customer behavior (SCB) using a floating pricing mechanism (FPM), and constructed a coordination mechanism via a revenue-sharing contract. The results suggest the following: (1) owing to water shortage supplements and the excess water sale policy provided by the FPM, the optimal ordering quantity of water resources is less than that without the FPM, and the optimal profits of the whole supply chain, supplier, and external distributor are higher than they would be without the FPM; (2) wholesale pricing and supplementary wholesale pricing with SCB are higher than those without SCB, and the optimal profits of the whole supply chain, supplier, and external distributor are higher than they would be without SCB; and (3) considering SCB and introducing the FPM help increase the optimal profits of the whole supply chain, supplier, and external distributor, and improve the efficiency of water resources usage.     

水利工程供水水价模式设计

以B市为例,探讨如何由单一计量水价逐步改革为两部制水价.根据B市水库群实际供水量及重新估算的固定资产值,按照基本水量和基本水价模式设计,确定B市生活供水年基本水量2亿m3,年基本水价12320万元.在此基础上,进行两部制水价模式设计,可相应求出水利工程向城市供水的基本供水价格为0 62元/m3,计量供水价格为1 11元/m3.将来随物价水平与供求关系变化,应不断调整水利工程的供水价格.建议下一步研究阶梯式水价等问题.     

基于经济行为分析理论的水银行运行机制研究

水银行是调剂用水余缺、节约水交易成本、保障供水安全的一个有效工具。由于水银行运行机制方案是其发挥效益的基础，本文利用水银行的经济行为分析模型，以王圪堵水库供水区为例研究了10种模拟情境下的存水价格、贷水价格和方案特点，分析了不同方案下的水价情境。定量分析表明：对贷水市场利用边际贷水成本定价，存水价格按照农民的意愿定价，可实现贷水量越多水银行获得的总利润越高，是有利于实现存水者、贷水者及水银行三方共赢的适宜方案。     

南水北调东线水资源供应链定价模型

把南水北调东线供水工程作为一个水资源的供应链,交易主体由水供应商和分销商组成,从交易主体市场资金运营的角度,建立了合作博弈的联合定价模型,并设计了政府最高限价的两部制(基本水价与计量水价相结合的水价制)动态定价约束.通过数值算例验证了模型的有效性.其结果表明,联合定价模型所获得的供应链整体利润比Stackelberg博弈模型高,并且在联合定价下通过利润分配因子的设计可实现供应链整体、生产商、分销商的多赢.     

我国供水价格体系研究

以全国范围内的供水价格体系作为研究对象,通过典型调查和定量模型分析,对我国分区域、分水源、分用户、分环节的合理供水价格水平、供水价格比价关系、供水价格差价关系和供水价格制定的管理制度进行了系统研究。主要研究结论:(1)水资源费应作为供水价格体系的重要调节因子,在城市供水环节比价中比重取值范围为20%⁵0%,最低应不低于20%。(2)在城市自来水供水环节比价中,应重点提高水资源费与原水费比重。建议水资源费与原水费(水利工程供水价格)合计比重应达到35%以上。(3)水源比价中,重点应关注自来水以外供水水源的价格改革。应优先提高水利工程供水价格,同时采用补贴与累退计费的激励机制,有效地促进和鼓励非常规水资源的利用。     

灌区两部制水价政策的经济分析

在对两部制水价政策效应的理论分析基础上，运用湖北漳河灌区农业水价改革调查资料，分析了灌区水价改革的实践效果及其成因。研究表明，两部制水价政策强化了农田灌溉中的水量限制，而忽视了在既定制度约束下农民对水利工程供水的理性需求和灌溉系统的有效供水能力的现实约束。在农业用水交易充满不确定性和水权制度尚未形成的现实条件下，水市场交易的不确定性、水市场信息的不对称性和农田水利投资的滞后性，导致农业两部制水价改革难以达到节约用水和改善水资源分配效应的预期目标。因此，提出灌区两部制水价改革成功的关键在于以交易合约化为核心的农业水市场建设。     

水资源定价方法与实践研究Ⅱ:海河流域水价探析

以水资源价值内涵分析为基础,对水资源定价理论与实践进行了研究,提出水资源供给价格应包括水资源费、供给成本和水环境补偿税;水资源需求价格通过产业用水经济价值确定;供给价格和需求价格共同作用决定水资源市场价格;在非市场化体系中通过影子价格评价水资源价值;依据水价构成及平衡关系,确定了水资源费的定量评价方法;利用投入产出分析技术构建简化的CGE模型,结合多种评价方法对水资源影子价格、水经济价值、水资源费、供给成本和水环境补偿税分别进行了定量评价,为水价形成机制提供了理论基础,为水资源定价标准提供了方法和实践支撑。研究成果可对实行最严格的水资源管理制度、完善水价定价机制、促进利用价格杠杆调控水资源分配提供参考。     

大型调水工程两部制水价优化模型

在国家现行水价政策的框架内,针对胶东调水工程的实际情况,确定了两部制水价的具体形 式;在综合考虑供水工程的经济安全、用水地区的利益、供需不确定性以及水价承受力的基础上,建 立了两部制水价长期优化模型;利用改进的大M法和混合整数规划技术将模型转化为可计算形式, 并以威海为例计算了水价方案;能够为国内同类大型调水工程的水价决策提供借鉴。     

引黄入晋工程太原供水区水价问题的思考

山西省引黄入晋工程是目前国内在建的投资最大的调水工程，合理的水价政策及管理体制对引黄工程至关重要。由于太原市目前水价很低，引黄工程运行初期供水成本费用比较高，建议采取以下措施：制订和实施合理的工程投资政策，调整引黄入晋工程的投资结构；调整水源结构，用引黄水置换当地超采地下水；建立合理的水价形成机制，逐步调整水价；改革水利工程管理体制和水资源管理体制。     

水资源定价方法与实践研究Ⅱ—海河流域水价探析

以水资源价值内涵分析为基础，开展水资源定价理论与实践研究。提出水资源供给价格应包括水资源费、供给成本和水环境补偿税，水资源需求价格通过产业用水经济价值确定，供给价格和需求价格共同作用决定水资源市场价格，在非市场化体系中通过影子价格评价水资源价值，依据水价构成及平衡关系，确定了水资源费的定量评价方法；利用投入产出分析技术构建简化的CGE模型，结合多种评价方法对水资源影子价格、水经济价值、水资源费、供给成本和水环境补偿税分别进行了定量评价，为水价形成机制提供了理论基础，为水资源定价标准提供了方法和实践支撑。研究成果对实行最严格的水资源管理制度、完善水价定价机制、促进利用价格杠杆调控水资源分配具有重要的现实意义。     

基于供水统一核算的水利工程生态调度补偿方法及应用

水利工程生态调度是生态文明建设的重要内容,生态补偿是协调利益关系、落实生态调度的保障。针对生态补偿实施难度大的实际问题,本文在总结归纳现有水生态补偿理念与方法的基础上,以丰水区域供水系统为对象,提出一种基于效益统一核算的区域供水系统生态调度补偿机制,在系统整体具备供水潜力的前提下,生态调度后收益增加的工程向效益受损的工程实施补偿,基于水价统一、收益共享、效果核算、政府调节等原则,构建了基于供水收益变化的生态补偿计算方法。通过实际案例对计算方法进行了验证,分析了供水成本、补偿费用、政府补贴之间的动态关系,证明该方法的可行性。     

工程水价核算及基于水权的水价调整方法研究

介绍了工程水价的构成，测算项目，计算方法，重点探讨了逐步结转成本法测算各环节水价的方法和步骤，即各供水环节的水价，包括上一环节的原水价格和工程本身的成本、费用、税金及利润；供水最终环节的水价，除包括上一环节的原水价格和工程本身的成本、费用、税金及利润外，还应包括水资源费。并阐述了因水权的配置引发的水价调整问题，分析了根据水权调整水价的方法。     

Modelling Sectorally Differentiated Water Prices - Water Preservation and Welfare Gains Through Price Reform?

This study simulates the economy-wide effects of introducing new water pricing systems in Israel. A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, STAGE_W, is used that includes multiple water commodities produced from different water resources. The current water pricing scheme supplies potable water to municipalities at fees above the supply costs and subsidizes water delivered to the agricultural and the manufacturing sectors. Due to limited freshwater resources, climate change and population growth, water scarcity is an increasing problem in Israel. Therefore, pricing systems which lead to a more efficient allocation of water are intensely debated. This study analyzes two alternative pricing schemes under discussion in Israel: price liberalization, which unifies the prices for all potable water consumers at cost recovery rates, and marginal pricing that lifts the potable water price to the cost of desalination. Both schemes reduce water demand with limited economic costs. Price liberalization is the more favourable option from a national welfare perspective, while marginal pricing allows for larger water savings and, in the long run, independence from fresh water resources.     

Can Irrigation Water Use Be Guided by Market Forces? Theory and Practice

This paper provides insight into the relevance of market forces to typical problems found in irrigated agriculture. It first considers the theoretical basis for the use of economic instruments, such as volumetric water charges and tradable water rights, then considers their usefulness in the context of five case studies of irrigated areas, in Egypt, India, Indonesia, Morocco and Ukraine. The case studies confirm that competition for scarce water and shortage of funds are widespread. To assess the suitability of economic instruments to achieve water management objectives, insight is provided into the current price paid for irrigation water, the cost of service provision and the value to irrigators. It becomes clear that there is a big gap between the price and value of irrigation water. This means that a considerable increase in the price of water is needed to balance supply and demand, which would reduce farm economic welfare substantially. This socio-political problem, plus the technical and administrative complexity of measuring water, make water pricing an unsuitable approach to balance supply and demand.     

甘肃省水利工程水价改革综合评价及预期目标

甘肃省水价改革总体进展顺利,工程水费收入稳步增长,有利于节约用水的水价机制正在形成。“十一五”期间将继续推进水价改革,完善水价管理,建立成本约束机制,推行科学的计价方式,推行终端水价。     

以水价改革促进水利改革

建设节水型社会要运用价格杠杆平衡水资源的供需,并通过水价调整促进水资源供给链改革.具体表现为以水资源费改革来推动水权配置与流域治理,以提高水利工程供水价格促进水管单位向企业化方向发展,以统一城市供水价格及污水处理费促进城市供水企业与污水处理企业的联合重组,通过优化水价结构,促进水利改革.     

农村集中供水厂良性运行若干问题的探讨

农村集中供水厂良性运行的标志是提供合格的产品——水,收支平衡略有盈余,支持水厂长期、稳定运行。通过对影响水厂良性运行因素的分析,提出必须加强农村集中供水厂的运行管理,特别是要合理确定供水规模。建立合理水价制度,做好成本核算,加强水源保护和水质监测等,以确保供水工程的良性运行,充分发挥投资效益。     

Estimating Water Rights Demand and Supply: Are Non-market Factors Important?

Water rights demand and supply in the upper Maipo river basin (Metropolitan Region of Chile) are estimated for the period July 1998 to June 2003, as well as a reduced form model for the equilibrium water rights price based on supply and demand determinants, as well as characteristics of the participating agents such as the economic sector of each agent and their individual market experience. Results show that the main participants in the market are both agriculture and real estate sectors (developers); agriculture buying 57 % and selling 68 % of transactions. The estimated supply and demand system shows that market forces indeed drive market water right prices. Demand is inelastic to price while supply is highly elastic. Furthermore, supplied and demanded water rights quantities are functions of water right price as well as the economic sector of buyer and sellers, sectoral profits, and geographic location of the water right. Additionally, the agent’s previous water rights market-experience is an important determinant of water rights demands and supply.     

城市供水合理水价结构分析

城市水工业企业（城市供水、排水、污水处理）要真正实现“自主经营、自负盈亏、自我积累、自我发展”,就必须制定合理的城市供水水价结构,在研究城市供水的价格和构成中要考虑到各环节的合理补偿,价格制定合理的原则,结合国际通行的水价结构分析我国水价结构现状,制定合理的水价结构不仅是当前水价改革的一个主要任务,而且关系到城市水资源的可持续发展。     

浅谈水利施工企业如何做好变更索赔工作

随着改革开放的不断深入和发展,在竞争日益激烈的市场经济环境下,以竞标上岗的水利施工企业,很多项目是以低价中标的,施工企业应努力提高工程的变更和索赔管理水平,使工程变更和索赔为施工企业带来经济效益。