涡旋管内强旋湍流气固两相流的数值模拟

本文建立了基于一种合理考虑湍流-离心力相互作用的新的代数Peynolds应力模型和颗粒随机轨道模型的强旋湍流气固两相流动数学模型。应用该模型对新型涡旋管内的强度湍流气固两相流进行了数值模拟，揭示了涡旋管内气固两相湍流流动的基本特性以及改变切向出口气体流率对流动的影响。     

固－液两相流中的一种湍流模式

定义了体积分数速度，并由此建立了固－液两相流中的一种湍流模式（Ｋ─ε双方程模式），模化了动量方程、Ｋ方程及ε方程。本模型中，考虑了相间的速度滑移，颗粒间的作用及相间作用，对一管湍流中固－液混合物流动的预测表示与实验结果比较一致。     

水涡轮机械中的湍流固—液两相流动及磨损研究

导出了固体颗粒在任意流场中运动的Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ方程对此方程进行线性化，并求出了其颗粒运动方程的解析通解。使用颗粒运动方程数值求解和分析稀疏颗粒湍流场中固体颗粒的运动。建立了湍流固－液两相液的Ｋ－ε双方湍流模型，体积分数流模型，Ｅｕｎｌｅｒｉａｎ－Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ混合湍流模型以及颗粒磨损模型，利用这些模型对一些水涡轮机械过流通道内的流动及固壁磨损进行了模拟，其预测结果与实验结果较为一致。     

固—液两相流中的一种湍流模式

定义了体积分数速度，并由此建立了固－液两相流中的一种湍流模式，模化了动量方程，Ｋ方程及ε方程，本模型中，考虑了相间的速度滑移，颗粒间的作用及相间作用，对一管湍流中固－液混合物流动的预测表示与实验结果比较一致。     

船舶螺旋桨周围粘流场数值预报与流场分析

本文叙述了通过直接求解雷诺平均应力方程（ＲＡＮＳ）来获得船舶螺旋桨粘流场数值解的方法与数值求解步骤，该方法采用非交错网格系统，利用幂函数格式离散动量方程，预报－校正方法求解速度－压力耦合问题，应用Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数湍流模式求解雷诺应力项使方程组封闭，以此来获得螺旋桨粘流场，为了验证数值方法的稳定性和可靠性，文中以ＤＴＲＣ４１１９桨为算例，对螺旋桨粘流场进行了数值求解，通过对计算结果的分     

稀薄气—固两相流中相间的相互作用模型

本文以稀薄气－固两相湍流流动为研究对象，推导并模化了考虑固体颗粒存在时，气相的湍流模型方程，在拉格郎日方法中实现了气－固两相间动量、湍动能的相互作用。尤其是提出当量密度及当量耗散系数两个概念后，使模型方程的型式等同于标准Ｋ－ε模型，很适合工程应用。而气相对粒子湍流扩散的影响则由类似于布朗粒子扩散的Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ方法来描述，实现了对确定性轨道模型的修正。最后，对颗粒在网格后均匀湍流中的扩散规     

光滑及粗糙明槽湍流流动大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟（Ｌａｒｇｅ Ｅｄｄｙ Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ）方法和Ｓｍａｇｏｒｉｎｓｋｙ亚格子模型数值计算了光滑及粗糙明槽湍流运动。以槽高为参考长度的雷诺数分别为３０００，２２８００和１０＾５，数值离散方法为有限体积法，自由面的处理使用了简单了刚盖假定，固壁面采用了壁函数，与低雷诺数直接模拟（Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｔｉｏｎ）和物理实验结果相比，本文数模呈现了良好的预测效果，估计的湍流宏尺度（Ｍ     

悬沙冲淤问题的湍流两相模型

在双流体模型框架内统一二阶矩两相湍流模型的基础上，建立了改进的悬沙冲淤问题的湍流两相模型-湍流代数应力模型，这一模型不仅能反映两相湍流的各向异性特征，并且更深刻揭示了悬沙颗粒与流体的湍流相互作用的机理，以及浮力、回流及旋流等的影响。适用于河口悬沙冲淤及水库泥沙异重流等工程问题的模拟计算。     

多相流中双球泡的动力学方程

建立了稀疏固－液两相流中双球泡泡壁运动的动力学方程，通过数值计算分析了球泡间以及固体颗粒与球泡间的相互作用，并考虑了可压缩性对双球泡溃灭的影响，以及液体与固体颗粒间阻力耦合作用的影响。     

高浓度固液混合流的湍流模型

建立了高浓度固液混合流的湍流模型，分析了混合流的应力（包括颗粒碰撞应力、粘性应力、湍流应力及Ｃｏｕｌｏｍｂｉｃ摩擦应力）。根据高浓度混合流中颗粒的受力，得出了颗粒运动的力平衡方程。由于引入颗粒碰撞应力和Ｃｏｕｌｏｍｂｉｃ摩擦应力，本模型较其它模型更适合具有高浓度和大颗粒的流场。利用本模型模拟的高浓度含沙水流在水平管道中的流动特性，其数值结果与前人所做的实验结果较一致。     

Parameter sensitivity analysis for activated sludge models No. 1 and 3 combined with one-dimensional settling model.

The aim of this study was to suggest a sensitivity analysis technique that can reliably predict effluent quality and minimize calibration efforts without being seriously affected by influent composition and parameter uncertainty in the activated sludge models No. 1 (ASM1) and No. 3 (ASM3) with a settling model. The parameter sensitivities for ASM1 and ASM3 were analyzed by three techniques such as SVM-Slope, RVM-SlopeMA, and RVM-AreaCRF. The settling model parameters were also considered. The selected highly sensitive parameters were estimated with a genetic algorithm, and the simulation results were compared as deltaEQ. For ASM1, the SVM-Slope technique proved to be an acceptable approach because it identified consistent sensitive parameter sets and presented smaller deltaEQ under every tested condition. For ASM3, no technique identified consistently sensitive parameters under different conditions. This phenomenon was regarded as the reflection of the high sensitivity of the ASM3 parameters. But it should be noted that the SVM-Slope technique presented reliable deltaEQ under every influent condition. Moreover, it was the simplest and easiest methodology for coding and quantification among those tested. Therefore, it was concluded that the SVM-Slope technique could be a reasonable approach for both ASM1 and ASM3.     

Optimization of parabolic bars for maximum Bragg resonant reflection of long waves

This paper presents an analytical solution for the problem of the long wave reflection by a series of artificial bars with parabolic configuration in terms of the associated Legendre functions. It is shown that both the reflection and transmission coefficients depend solely upon the number of bars, the dimensionless bar height, the dimensionless bar width and the dimensionless bar distance. Particularly, under the Bragg resonance condition, i.e., the distance between two adjacent bars is about half of the wavelength of the normal incident waves, the analytical solution for the peak Bragg resonant reflection is obtained, which reveals that the peak Bragg resonance depends upon the number of bars, the dimensionless bar height and the dimensionless bar width. Based on this solution, the optimization of the parabolic bars is made to obtain the maximum Bragg resonance and a group of optimal curves, which may be very useful in the design of Bragg breakwaters with parabolic bars.     

WAVE MOTION OVER TWO SUBMERGED LAYERS OF HORIZONTAL THICK PLATES

This study investigates the hydrodynamic performance of a submerged two layer horizontal plate breakwater. The plate thickness is considered as non-zero in the study. In the context of linear potential theory, an analytical solution for interaction of water waves with the plates is obtained using the matched eigenfunction expansion method. The solution consists of a symmetric part and an antisymmetric part. Its validity is confirmed by comparing the numerical results of reflection and transmission coefficients for limiting cases with previous predictions. Numerical examples are given to examine the major factors that affect the reflection and transmission coefficients of the plates. Some useful results are presented for engineering design.     

Boussinesq方程的二阶椭圆余弦驻波解

等深浅水域中的流体运动可由Boussinesq方程描述.众所周知,该方程有行进波解(孤立波及椭圆余弦波).本文则以Boussinesq方程为控制方程,利用渐近匹配法对椭圆余弦波在直墙上反射进行研究,给出了反射过程中内、外场波形及速度变化的解析表达,从而得到了Boussinesq方程的二阶椭圆余弦驻波型的解析解,并讨论了这类驻波的若干性质.当波长无限增大时,所得解析解收敛于孤立波的情况.这些解析结果不仅有助于揭示岸坡对非线性浅水波影响的力学机理,在海岸防护和开发和岸壁附近结构物的设计条件等工程领域中也具有现实的指导意义.     

Identification of the adverse effect of nitrate on the phosphate release rate and improvement of EBPR process models.

The adverse effect of nitrate on the phosphate release rate in the anaerobic phase was observed and was hardly explainable with conventional EBPR process models. Four possible mechanisms were proposed including substrate competition, reduced fermentation, parallel reaction and sequential reaction. Batch experiments were designed and conducted to identify the dominant mechanism. Results showed that the sequential reaction was the only possible mechanism where only denitrification occurred if any nitrate existed in the anaerobic phase. Then the phosphate release following after the nitrate was completely removed. Nitrate inhibition effect was added into the PHA storage rate to incorporate the sequential reaction in the conventional ASM3 plus EAWAG bio-P module (ASM3 + P). Nitrate inhibition coefficient, K(I,NO,PAO) was found to be as low as 0.05 mg/L. This correlated well with experimental observation where no also meant that the anaerobic compartment of a continuous flow reactor could be seriously affected by the residual nitrate contained in the sludge recycle flow. This phenomenon caused overestimation of the phosphate uptake rate and consequently underestimation of PO4(3-) -P concentration. This problem was resolved by incorporation of a nitrate inhibition term in the ASM3 + P for more accurate simulation of the EBPR process.     

Modelling carbon oxidation in pulp mill activated sludge systems: calibration of Activated Sludge Model No 3.

Activated Sludge Model No 3 (ASM3) was chosen to model an activated sludge system treating effluents from a mechanical pulp and paper mill. The high COD concentration and the high content of readily biodegradable substrates of the wastewater make this model appropriate for this system. ASM3 was calibrated based on batch respirometric tests using fresh wastewater and sludge from the treatment plant, and on analytical measurements of COD, TSS and VSS. The model, developed for municipal wastewater, was found suitable for fitting a variety of respirometric batch tests, performed at different temperatures and food to microorganism ratios (F/M). Therefore, a set of calibrated parameters, as well as the wastewater COD fractions, was estimated for this industrial wastewater. The majority of the calibrated parameters were in the range of those found in the literature.     

水平受荷单桩计算的半经验弹塑性解析解

对水平受荷单桩经典m法进行了数学简化分析,对一些需通过查表内插法选取的计算参数进行了高精度数值拟合,使得工程计算更方便快捷,并通过工程算例计算比较分析,认为拟合弹性解析解精度高、可靠快捷。另外,由于受较大水平荷载的单桩桩顶层土会出现塑性屈服变形,若仍采用经典m法计算,则桩顶水平位移明显偏小。基于提出的高精度拟合弹性解析解及塑性区平衡微分方程,通过待定系数法及理论计算,给出了考虑桩顶塑性屈服区影响下的桩顶变位半经验弹塑性解析解,最后通过算例计算比较分析,认为半经验弹塑性解析解成果与实测成果基本一致,满足工程实践要求。     

Automatic Shifting Method for the Identification of Generalized Radial Flow Parameters by Water Cycle Optimization

The general radial flow (GRF) could successfully analyze the groundwater flow in a fractured medium which has generally a more complex mechanism due to the scale-dependent heterogeneity and dynamic processes for both individual fracture and fracture networks. A new optimization scheme, referred to as the automatic shifting method (ASM), was established in order to eradicate the subjectivity and some definite difficulties in classical graphical curve matching (GCM) for the determination flow parameters of GRF from in-situ pumping test data. The logic behind the ASM is similar to GCM but it simplifies and enhances the estimation process by optimizing newly introduced parameters (the horizontal and vertical shifts) together with the flow dimension parameter via Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA). The proposed ASM was tested with several hypothetical pumping test scenarios as well as a number of real field data. In addition, the capability of WCA was thoroughly compared with other competitive derivative-free, nature inspired population-based optimization algorithms by implementing a multi decision criteria analysis. The proposed ASM with WCA could achieve the outstanding estimation performance for the implemented analyses. In conclusion, ASM has a great potential to be modified for interpreting test data obtained from different groundwater models.

     

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF WAVE MAKING IN A FLUME WITH A PARTIALLY REFLECTING END-WALL

Based on the eigenfunction expansion technique, the wave generation by a piston wave maker in a wave flume with a partially reflecting end-wall is studied. The corresponding velocity potential and wave elevation in the flume are obtained. The present analytical solution is verified by the numerical results obtained from a time-domain higher-order boundary element method in a closed flume. Numerical experiments are further carried out to study the difference between the partial/full reflection boundary and the transmission boundary and the effects of the reflection coefficient and the motion period of the wave maker on the wave height. Meanwhile, the natural frequency of the wave flume can be obtained from the analytical expression. The resonance occurs when the motion frequency is equal to the natural frequency. Even the partial reflection of the end-wall in the wave flume experiments has a great influence on the wave height, therefore, inaccurate measurements would be resulted in long-time simulations, especially when the wave frequency approaches the wave flume natural frequency. The present study can serve as a guidance for the physical experiment in wave flumes.