Development of 3-D Optimal Surface for Operation Policies of a Multireservoir in Fuzzy Environment Using Genetic Algorithm for River Basin Development and Management

A Multi objective, Multireservoir operation model for maximization of irrigation releases and maximization of hydropower production is proposed using Genetic Algorithm. These objectives are fuzzified and are simultaneously maximized by defining and then maximizing level of satisfaction (λ). In the present study a multireservoir system in Godavari River sub basin in Maharashtra State, India is considered. Problem is formulated with four reservoirs and a barrage. A monthly Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm Fuzzy Optimization (MOGAFUOPT) model for the present study is developed in ‘C’ Language. The optimal operation policy for maximization of irrigation releases, maximization of hydropower production and maximization of level of satisfaction is presented for existing demand in command area. The entire range of optimal operation policies, for different levels of satisfaction i.e. λ (ranging from 0 to 1), are determined. From the relationships developed amongst irrigation releases, hydropower production and level of satisfaction, a three dimensional (3-D) surface covering the whole range of policies has been developed. This solution surface can be the basis for decision makers for implementing the policies. Considering the future requirements in the command area, both the irrigation and hydropower demands are increased by 10 and 20%. The optimal operation policy for maximization of irrigation releases, maximization of hydropower production and maximization of level of satisfaction is also presented for these cases. The 3-D solution surface is also developed in these cases.     

Multi Objective Sustainable Irrigation Planning with Decision Parameters and Decision Variables Fuzzy in Nature

This paper presents the Multi Objective Fuzzy Linear Programming (MOFLP) model, which deals with the fuzziness in resources and decision variables, closer to the real world situation. The MOFLP model is developed and applied to the Jayakwadi Project Stage-I built across the river Godavari in the State of Maharashtra, India. It focuses on the four objectives namely maximization of Net Benefits, maximization of Crop Production, maximization of Employment Generation and maximization of Manure Utilization. The level of satisfaction ???=?0.625 is worked out for compromised solution for four conflicting objectives under fuzzy environment. The MOFLP model compromised solution for irrigation planning provides Net Benefits 1522.75 (Million Rupees), Crop Production 322504.40 (Tons), Employment Generation 29.27 (Million Man Days) and Manure Utilization 147229.40 (Tons) respectively and irrigation intensity 68.50?%. The results obtained are promising for sustainable development in irrigation sector and closer to the true picture of the real world problem as it incorporates the fuzziness in both resources and decision variables simultaneously.     

Prediction of Hydropower Energy Using ANN for the Feasibility of Hydropower Plant Installation to an Existing Irrigation Dam

Recently, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used successfully for many engineering problems. This paper presents a practical way of predicting the hydropower energy potential using ANNs for the feasibility of adding a hydropower plant unit to an existing irrigation dam. Because the cost of energy has risen considerably in recent decades, addition of a suitable capacity hydropower plant (HPP) to the end of the pressure conduit of an existing irrigation dam may become economically feasible. First, a computer program to realistically calculate all local, frictional, and total head losses (THL) throughout any pressure conduit in detail is coded, whose end-product enables determination of the C coefficient of the highly significant model for total losses as: THL = C·Q ². Next, a computer program to determine the hydroelectric energies produced at monthly periods, the present worth (PW) of their monetary gains, and the annual average energy by a HPP is coded, which utilizes this simple but precise model for quantification of total energy losses from the inlet to the turbine. Inflows series, irrigation water requirements, evaporation rates, turbine running time ratios, and the C coefficient are the input data of this program. This model is applied to randomly chosen 10 irrigation dams in Turkey, and the selected input variables are gross head and reservoir capacity of the dams, recorded monthly inflows and irrigation releases for the prediction of hydropower energy. A single hidden-layered feed forward neural network using Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is developed with a detailed analysis of model design of those factors affecting successful implementation of the model, which provides for a realistic prediction of the annual average hydroelectric energy from an irrigation dam in a quick-cut manner without the excessive operation studies needed conventionally. Estimation of the average annual energy with the help of this model should be useful for reconnaissance studies.     

Quantifying the Poorly Known Role of Groundwater in Agriculture: the Case of Cyprus

Agriculture in the Mediterranean region is constrained by limited water resources and in many countries irrigation demand exceeds the renewable water supply. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to (a) quantify the consumptive green (soil moisture provided by precipitation) and blue (irrigation) water use for crop production, (b) distinguish the contribution of groundwater to irrigation supply and (c) estimate groundwater over-abstraction. A spatiotemporally explicit soil water balance model, based on the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach, which includes the computation of evaporation losses of the different irrigation systems, was applied to the 5,760-km² area of the Republic of Cyprus for the agro-meteorological years 1995–2009. The model uses national agricultural statistics, community-level data from the agricultural census and daily data from 34 meteorological stations and 70 precipitation gauges. Groundwater over-abstraction is quantified per groundwater body, based on the sustainable abstraction rates specified in the Cyprus River Basin Management Plan, as prepared for the EU Water Framework Directive. It was found that, on average, total agricultural water use was 506 Mm³/year, of which 62 % is attributed to green water use and 38 % to blue water use. Groundwater contributed, on average, 81 % (151 Mm³/year) to blue water use and exceeded the recommended abstraction rates by 45 % (47 Mm³/year). Even though the irrigated area decreased by 18 % during the 2008 drought year, relative to the wettest year (2003), total blue water use decreased by only 1 %. The limited surface water supply during the driest year resulted in a 37 % increase in groundwater use, relative to the wettest year, and exceeded the sustainable abstraction rate by 53 % (55 Mm³/year). Overall, the model provides objective and quantitative outcomes that can potentially contribute to the improvement of water resource management in Mediterranean environments, in the light of climate change and expected policy reforms.     

Multiobjective Multireservoir Operation in Fuzzy Environment

In this paper, the operation of a complex system of multireservoirs with multiple objectives is being demonstrated. The multireservoir system includes uncertainties of inflows, demands to the large extent. Fuzzy set theory has been proved as a robust theory where these kinds of uncertainties have major role. In this study, the fuzzy linear programming method is used to get the better policy for the system operation with the uncertainty in various parameters i.e. resources, technological coefficients, objective function coefficients. A four reservoir system (a compound parallel and series) is taken as a case study and the fuzzification of all parameters is tried on the system. The effect of fluctuations in irrigation demand and release, power demand and release and available storage volume are considered. The consequences on the objectives i.e. maximization of returns from irrigation release, maximization of returns from power releases are also examined. The operation policies thus evolved give a better understanding of the problem and the intricate complexities associated and there effects. With this the policy makers (a decision maker) can have a wide range of options at his disposal for suitable action.     

Jacques Ganoulis,Alice Aureli and Jean Fried (eds), Transboundary water resources management: a multidisciplinary approach

Abstract

Lake Verbano, located in Northern Italy on the Swiss-Italian border, is a natural lake used as multipurpose reservoir. Its management aims at the satisfaction of downstream water supply for hydropower generation and irrigation, and at the control of floods, both on the lake shores and on the outflowing river. Since these objectives are conflicting, this paper explores a methodology aimed at solving the conflict, both by a structural modification of the lake outlet and by a modification of the control scheme.     

大小水电可消纳电量期望值最大短期协调优化调度模型

水电富集地区的小水电在电网中所占比例较大,出力波动频繁,汛期与大中型水电挤占输电通道,造成大规模窝电弃水并威胁电网安全,需要构建有效的大小水电协调优化方法。为此,以西南水电富集的某省为背景,提出了大小水电可消纳电量期望值最大短期协调优化调度模型。该模型将分区小水电作为整体,根据小水电计划与实际出力偏差,采用模糊聚类构建小水电出力场景,并应用启发式搜索和关联搜索方法进行求解。实例研究表明,本文提出的模型和方法能够合理利用大中型水电良好的调节能力实现大小水电协调,减少窝电弃水,是一种实用有效的大小水电混合分区协调优化调度方法。     

Assessing Crop Water Demand by Remote Sensing and GIS for the Pontina Plain, Central Italy

An estimation of the crop water requirements for the Pontina Plain, Central Italy, was carried out through the use of remote sensing land classification and application of a simple water balance scheme in a GIS environment. The overall crop water demand for the 700 km² area was estimated at about 70 Mm³ year^− 1, i.e. 100 Mm³ year^− 1 irrigation requirements when considering an average irrigation application efficiency of 70%. The simplest and least demanding available methodology, in terms of data and resources, was chosen. The methodology, based on remote sensing and GIS, employed only 4 Landsat ETM+ images and a few meteorological and geographical vectorial layers. The procedure allowed the elaboration of monthly maps of crop evapotranspiration. The application of a spatially distributed simple water balance model, lead to the estimation of temporal and spatial variation of crop water requirements in the study area. This study contributes to fill a gap in the knowledge on agricultural use of water resources in the area, which is essential for the implementation of a sustainable and sound water policy as required in the region for the application of the EU Water Framework Directive.     

Irrigation Planning Under Uncertainty—A Multi Objective Fuzzy Linear Programming Approach

The problem of irrigation planning becomes more complex by considering an uncertainty. The uncertainties can be tackled by formulating the problem of irrigation planning as Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP). FLP models can incorporate the scenario of real world problem. In the present study, Multi Objective Fuzzy Linear Programming (MOFLP) irrigation planning model is formulated for deriving the optimal cropping pattern plan for the case study of Jayakwadi project in the Godavari river sub basin in Maharashtra State, India. Four conflicting objectives are considered such as Net Benefits (NB), Crop/Yield Production (CP), Employment Generation/Labour Requirement (EG) and Manure Utilization (MU). Four different cases are considered to incorporate the uncertainty in MOFLP model. To include the uncertainty in irrigation planning problem only objectives are taken as fuzzy and constraints are crisp in nature in Case-I. To consider the uncertainty involved in availability of resources, in Case-II the stipulations are fuzzy. The technological coefficients are fuzzy in Case-III. The Case-IV includes both technological coefficients and stipulations fuzzy. The level of satisfaction (λ) works out to be 0.58, 0.50, 0.50 and 0.28 respectively for Case-I to IV. The results obtained in Case-IV are more realistic and promising as it involves the uncertainty in technological coefficients and stipulations simultaneously.     

Optimal Crop Water Allocation in Case of Drought Occurrence,Imposing Deficit Irrigation with Proportional Cutback Constraint

Optimal crop water allocation has become more challenging in drier areas of the world (short of rainfall) due to increased water scarcity and more frequent droughts. alternative cropping patterns, reallocation of water resources and modification of irrigation are some of the strategies used to address droughts . A new optimization model is used in this study to find the optimal cropping patterns during droughts, while benefiting from deficit irrigation to decrease the total allocated water. Moreover, the proposed model is subjected to a proportional cutback constraint to meet optimized proportional water allocation under limited water condition. As a real case study, two related districts, namely Neku-abad and Abshar located in Zayandeh-rud River basin are considered. Zayandeh-rud river basin is located in the central part of Iran. For better illustration of model outputs, the proposed model was checked using various irrigation efficiency values (60–100 % in 10 % interval), water reduction ratios (0.0–0.4) and cutback parameters (λ _a ?=?0.3,?λ _n ?=?0.7, λ _a ?=?0.51,?λ _n ?=?0.49 and λ _a ?=?λ _n ?=?0.5). The results showed that the values of λ _a ?=?0.51,?λ _n ?=?0.49 presents the maximum proportionality in terms of water reduction among all the allocation units or users. Although different values of cutback parameters (e.g.: λ _a ?=?0.3,?λ _n ?=?0.7) maximize net benefits, they are not considered as proportionate decisions in the considered study area.     

Performance Evaluation Model for Multipurpose Multireservoir System Operation

This paper describes the development of a performance evaluation based model for the operation of multipurpose multireservoir in a river basin system. The methodology developed in the present study has been evolved for (1) allocation of releases for multi-purpose from each reservoir, (2) fair allocation of mandatory flow releases in the river, and (3) the assessment of the system capability for multipurpose operation. The System Performance Index (SYSPI) has been introduced as a measure of the overall performance of the system. SYSPI is defined as a function of the performance indicator indices which are developed to measure each of the objectives of the multireservoir system, namely, reliability of water supply, hydropower production, revenue income, and spill prevention. The SYSPI is maximized using a search algorithm which is linked to the simulation module. The application of the developed methodology is demonstrated for the reservoirs on the Narmada River System, India. The application of the methodology should enable increasing the hydropower generation within the existing framework.     

Second Asian Conference on Water and Wastewater Management

Abstract

This paper analyzes the impacts of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkey) on the hydrological regime of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Southeastern Anatolia Project, commonly called GAP, is a Turkish multi-dimensional development project involving primarily irrigation and hydropower generation in the Euphrates and Tigris river basins. For the last two decades, the GAP has been a source of tension between Turkey and the two riparian countries, Syria and Iraq, which are concerned by the modification of the hydrological regime of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The quantification of the hydrological risk faced by Syria and Iraq can be comprehended by an integrated management model that simultaneously considers the dispatch of the hydropower plants and the irrigation water withdrawals. The model assumes that the GAP hydroelectric reservoirs are dispatched so as to minimize the operating costs of the Turkish hydrothermal electrical system while meeting irrigation water demands. This optimization problem is solved by a stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) formulation which allows a detailed representation of the Turkish hydrothermal electrical system including the GAP. Scenarios of future irrigation water demands in the GAP are constructed based on projected irrigation areas and on the main crops. Simulation results show that if the project is completed as planned, Euphrates and Tigris outflows will be reduced by 32% and 25% respectively, while the average production of hydroelectricity would reach 27 TWh. In addition, Turkey' commitment to deliver a minimum flow of 500 m³/s in the Euphrates could only be guaranteed 75% of the time. This percentage increases substantially (up to 95%) if only half of the irrigation projects are implemented.     

Application of Integrated Hydrologic and River Basin Management Modeling for the Optimal Development of a Multi-Purpose Reservoir Project

Multi-purpose reservoir development have been always a big challenge for the management of water resources. This paper describes an integrated approach for investigating catchment hydrology in the development of a hydropower and a canal irrigation system based on model analyses. The investigation aims to adequately determine an optimal domestic and irrigation water resources allocation scheme based on an assessment of the reservoir water balance and capacity for hydropower. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) which characterizes basin hydrology and the water management and planning model MODSIM which provides a decision support system for water allocation optimization, were used in this study. The integrated approach was applied to Prek Te River basin in Cambodia. The water demand aspect was examined based on domestic water use, irrigation water, environmental flow, and water losses. An operational rule curve was developed for hydropower operation with respect to a power potential of 13 MW. Hydrologic modeling revealed 90 % dependable water of about 2.7 m³/s during the dry season and 214.3 m³/s during the wet season, indicative of a wet-season dependent reservoir for storage. Results from the 26-years simulation period also showed that diversions for domestic water and irrigation water supply were 92.3 % dependable for a 13 MW capacity hydropower development. The integrated approach was shown to be a valuable decision support tool for water resources management with the determination of an optimum policy for multi-purpose reservoir operation based on available basin water supply.     

Interstate multivalley multireservoir simulation: A case study

Most of the water resources systems in India are operated with conventional approaches formulated several decades ago without much knowledge about the system behaviour. In the present study, the HEC‐3 simulation model has been used to derive the operating policies for an interstate, multivalley‐multireservoir system in India, to achieve optimal operational policies. Four different HEC‐3 policies were analysed together with the standard operating policy. The results of the simulation runs were analysed and a suitable optimal operating policy for a multivalley‐multireservoir system operation has been evolved. Trade‐off analysis between the conflicting objectives of irrigation releases and hydropower production and the probability distribution for the annual average hydropower production were also arrived at to estimate the reliability of the system.     

Integrated Sustainable Irrigation Planning with Multiobjective Fuzzy Optimization Approach

Multiobjective fuzzy methodology is applied to a case study of Khadakwasla complex irrigation project located near Pune city of Maharashtra State, India. Three objectives, namely, maximization of net benefits, crop production and labour employment are considered. Effect of reuse of wastewater on the planning scenario is also studied. Three membership functions, namely, nonlinear, hyperbolic and exponential are analyzed for multiobjective fuzzy optimization. In the present study, objective functions are considered as fuzzy in nature whereas inflows are considered as dependable. It is concluded that exponential and hyperbolic membership functions provided similar cropping pattern for most of the situations whereas nonlinear membership functions provided different cropping pattern. However, in all the three cases, irrigation intensities are more than the existing irrigation intensity.     

Operating Rules of an Irrigation Purposes Reservoir Using Multi-Objective Optimization

A multi-objective optimization technique for the operation of an irrigation reservoir is presented in this paper. The study deals with two different objective functions (OF): the minimization of reservoir release deficit from the irrigation demand (OF1) and the maximization of net benefit by the demand sector (OF2). In the first step, monthly optimization of each individual objective was performed with a deterministic non-linear programming (NLP) algorithm, that gave the lower and upper bounds for the multi-objective analysis. In the second step, multi-objective optimization was performed through the Constraint method that operates by optimising the objective function OF1, while the other (OF2) was constrained to satisfy release strategies generated by the optimization. Non-dominated set of release strategies is generated by parametrically varying the bounds of the constraints obtained from the individual optimal solutions. In the third step, the interactive analytical Step method was applied to find the best compromise solution, between the two OFs, by minimizing the distance of each non-dominated solution to an ideal solution that represents the utopian optimum for both OF1 and OF2. Furthermore, the interactive approach allows to improve the performance of the reservoir in terms of compromise irrigation releases, by changing the OF values until the satisfaction of predetermined criteria fixed by the planners and decision makers. The proposed water allocation model was applied to the Pozzillo reservoir operation, that supplies the Catania Plain irrigation area (Eastern Sicily).     

How would the Rogun Dam affect water and energy scarcity in Central Asia?

The construction of the Rogun Dam in the Amu Darya Basin to increase upstream energy generation creates potential trade-offs with existing downstream irrigation, due to the different timing of energy and irrigation water demands. The present analysis, based on a hydro-economic optimization model, shows that cooperative basin-wide maximization of benefits would lead to large increases in upstream hydropower production and only minor changes in downstream irrigation benefits. However, if upstream stations, including Rogun, are managed unilaterally to maximize energy production, hydropower benefits might more than double while irrigation benefits greatly decrease, thereby substantially reducing overall basin benefits.     

水电富集电网大小水电可消纳电量最大协调优化调度模型

水电富集地区的小水电在电网中所占比例较大,出力波动频繁,汛期与大中型水电挤占输电通道,造成大规模窝电弃水并威胁电网安全,需要构建有效的大小水电协调优化方法。为此,以西南水电富集的某省为背景,提出了大小水电可消纳电量期望值最大短期协调优化调度模型。该模型将分区小水电作为整体,根据小水电计划与实际出力偏差,采用模糊聚类构建小水电出力场景,并应用启发式搜索和关联搜索方法进行求解。实例研究表明,本文提出的模型和方法能够合理利用大中型水电良好的调节能力实现大小水电协调,减少窝电弃水,是一种实用有效的大小水电混合分区协调优化调度方法。     

Water Balance of the Upper Jordan River Basin

Sharing water in the Jordan basin has been a key topic in the recent peace talks between Israel and its neighbors. Knowing the quantity of water available is a prerequisite to water sharing. Many different values have been published in recent years. Different sources report Jordan's discharge flow into Lake Kinneret anywhere from 460 to 800 Mm³/year. The aim of this article is to present a water balance for the Jordan basin for a 15-year period. The years 1977–1978 to 1991–1992 were studied for the basin's water budget, as they represent the present day (1998) land use. The results show that Lake Kinneret has a yearly average input (= output) of 770 Mm³. Israel uses some 800 Mcm³/year from the entire Jordan basin, of which 440 Mm³ is used within the basin and the rest outside. There is about 100 Mm³ for future utilization in the watershed. The yearly Jordan's discharge to the Dead Sea is 220–250 Mm³. Reporting by various secondary data sources is compared to primary data findings to illustrate the great variability of data reporting and to provide annual flow estimates, based largely on primary sources, for the Upper Jordan River.