添加网格对增强表面活性剂减阻流体传热性能的试验研究

本文应用热电偶测温系统和PIV（Particle Image Velocimetry），激光测量系统对二维流道内添加网格后CTAC（Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Chloride）表面活性剂减阻流体的传热性能和流动结构进行试验研究。研究表明：在完全减阻区内，减阻流体的传热性能大幅度降低；当雷诺数超过临界雷诺数后，传热性能呈指数级快速增长；网格的添加破坏了表面活性剂的胶束网状结构，在一定程度上恢复了流场的湍流强度，从而使传热效果显著增强。     

表面活性剂减阻流体热边界层温度脉动及传热特性实验研究

该文针对在水中添加阳离子表面活性剂产生的减阻作用同时降低传热性能的现象,应用相位多普勒激光测量系统和热电偶温度测量系统对二维流道内表面活性剂减阻流体热边界层内的湍流温度脉动以及传热特性进行了实验研究.研究表明,表面活性剂减阻流体平均温度梯度在流动缓冲层很大,热扩散率较低,而水的热阻主要发生在近壁区域的高扩散层.表面活性剂减阻流体温度脉动强度与速度脉动强度有相似的分布趋势,其峰值都向外层移动.在近壁处的高扩散层温度脉动频率很小,而在平均温度梯度很大的低扩散层,减阻流体的温度脉动频率有所增强.而水的温度脉动频率比表面活性剂溶液高且在整个断面上几乎没有变化.对于表面活性剂热流体,湍流温度脉动对轴向热流量的贡献更大,使得轴向热流量的最大值出现在靠近温度脉动强度最大值所在的位置.表面活性剂减阻流体法向湍流热流量分布与雷诺应力分布有相似的趋势.     

表面活性剂管道减阻及传热特性的研究

本文系统地研究了表面活性剂圆管流动的减阻特性和传热特性。该溶液具有良好的减阻性能，对水质和管材有良好的适应性，不存在老化和机械降解，并具有剪切可逆性及变温可逆性。实验表明，阻力减少的同时，传热有所下降，借助于减阻效应的可控性可达到对传热的控制。     

管道截面突变处的局部阻力系数

不可压紊流流经管道截面突变处，截面积之比和流速分布不均匀性对局部阻力系数有影响。流速分布符合幂次律。利用流体流过管道截面突变处的动量变化和能量变化。求出了损失的能量，从而得出管道截面突然扩大处的局部阻力系数ξ＿１；仿照计算ξ＿１的关系式，给出了管道截面突然缩小处的局部阻力系数ξ＿２。从计算结果来看，当小直径截面的雷诺数大于２×１０￣（６）时，计算管道截面突然扩大处的局部阻力系数ξ＿１，速度分布可作为均匀分布来处理；当小直径截面的雷诺数大于７３００时，计算管道截面突然缩小处的局部阻力系数ξ＿２，速度分布可作为均匀分布来处理。理论计算与实验结果对比表明，两者之差平均不超过０．０６。所以本文给出计算管道截面突变处的局部阻力系数的关系式是可行的。     

表面活性剂紊流输水减阻的雷诺应力及能量传递

为揭示表面活性剂减阻水溶液紊流的减阻机理,通过分析各种试验结果后指出,雷诺剪切应力的大幅降低是源于表面活性剂的去相关作用;通过二维矩形封闭流道的时均能量、紊流能量的平衡分析,表明胶束剪切应力从时均流获得能量对低雷诺应力工况下紊流的产生和维持起了决定性作用,减阻率与胶束剪切应力从时均流获得的能量大小之间存在负相关关系。在二维明槽中,使用二维激光多普勒流速仪实测的表面活性剂减阻水溶液的主流方向速度脉动能谱表明,大尺度涡体含能较牛顿流体大,小尺度涡体含能低于牛顿流体,能量耗散尺度增大,这是表面活性剂减阻水溶液紊流能量传递的基本特征。     

临界区雷诺数下翼型流场电磁力控制的脱体涡模拟

利用Maxwell方程直接数值计算表面包覆电极与磁极翼型产生的三维Lorentz力分布,将其加入到流体控制方程的动量方程中,采用脱体涡模拟方法对临界区雷诺数下受Lorentz力作用下翼型绕流场进行数值模拟,研究分析了电磁力作用系数和攻角对翼型绕流场结构及其升阻力系数的影响机理和规律。结果表明,Lorentz力可以有效地改善翼型周围的流场结构,达到减阻、增升、消涡以及延缓和抑制其失速的目的,因此是翼型的一种有效流动控制手段。     

闸门井兼调压井底部阻力系数的试验研究

试验研究了某抽水蓄能电站闸门井兼调压井底部阻力系数，得出了异形调压井底部阻力系数的一些规律，进流时的阻力系数比出流时的阻力系数大；随着阻抗孔面积的减小，阻力系数增大；闸门井的阻力系数与阻抗孔断面面积与闸门井断面面积的比值成近似直线关系，阻抗孔的形状对闸门井的阻力系数影响不明显。     

台山核电厂引水隧洞进出水口阻力特性试验研究

结合台山核电厂输水系统工程,通过物理模型试验研究了引水隧洞不同粗糙度对进、出口段局部水头损失的影响规律。模型采用重力相似设计,比尺1∶18.9。在试验过程中,通过不断加大流量来改变模型水流雷诺数,依次得到不同糙率下的局部阻力系数随雷诺数变化曲线。局部阻力系数随雷诺数的增加而减小,其减小率随雷诺数的增加而下降,当雷诺数大于某临界值时,局部阻力系数逐渐趋于常数,说明水流进入阻力平方区,由此得到稳定后的局部阻力系数值。结果表明:不同粗糙度情况下,隧洞进、出口的局部阻力系数值变化明显,边壁粗糙度较大时,水流边界层受边壁绝对粗糙度影响,水流脉动跳跃离开边壁形成较大的涡流运动,水流能量耗散加强,对水流的阻力随之增大;局部阻力系数不仅与形状有关,还与隧洞的粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,局部阻力系数越大,对于该项目,粗糙管比光滑管进口段局部阻力系数加大约45%,出口段局部阻力系数加大约56%。研究成果为实际工程输水系统设计提供了依据。     

亚临界雷诺数下波浪型圆柱绕流的数值模拟及减阻研究

采用大涡模拟数值方法对亚临界雷诺数Re=3000下波浪型圆柱的绕流现象进行研究分析。研究结果表明,波浪型圆柱的三维尾迹涡结构能得到很好的控制,它在轴向方向呈现周期性正负涡的交替分布特性。随着幅值的增大,波浪型圆柱表面的自由剪切层得以延展,使得旋涡的脱落发生在波浪型圆柱下游较远处,从而达到减阻的目的。波浪型圆柱与普通直圆柱相比,其幅值对平均阻力系数及脉动升力系数的减少及尾迹控制有着更重要的影响,最大减阻可达16%。     

黄土坡面发育的细沟水动力学特征的研究

本文通过径流冲刷试验，对黄土坡面形成的细沟的水力学特征进行了试验研究。结果表明，反映细沟中径流水力几何形态的过水断面宽，平均径流深，以及平均径流速度与流量的关系指数分别为０２６，０４８和０２６。细沟阻力系数的大小与水流雷诺数密切有关，但其变化趋势受坡度的影响很大。在坡度较缓的坡面上，阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而减小。在坡度较陡的坡面上，由于水流侵蚀作用强度的变化及重力影响作用的渐趋显著，阻力系数又会随雷诺数的增大而变大。     

TURBULENCE TRANSPORT OF SURFACTANT SOLUTION FLOW DURING DRAG REDUCTION DEGENERATION

Turbulence transport of surfactant solution flow during drag reduction degeneration is investigated experimentally in a two-dimensional channel.Particle Image Velocimetry (P1V) system is used to take t...     

浮帘群水流阻力特性试验研究

为探明含浮帘群水流的阻力特性和各阻力参数计算方法,对不同间距、不同高度浮帘群在不同恒定均匀明渠流中的阻力特性开展了92组水槽试验。通过拟合水面线获得水力坡降,探讨浮帘拖曳力系数、曼宁糙率和达西韦斯巴赫阻力系数的变化规律。研究结果表明:浮帘群布置存在临界间距,此时浮帘间的相互干扰作用几乎消失;浮帘群消能增阻作用明显,其拖曳力系数在不同水流条件下变化较小,取值介于1.60~2.05之间;曼宁糙率主要与浮帘相对高度及浮帘分布密度有关,并获得了曼宁糙率的修正计算方法;达西韦斯巴赫阻力系数可由浮帘相对高度、浮帘分布密度及浮帘雷诺数组成的拟合公式获得。     

Effect of polymer and fiber additives on pressure drop in a rectangular channel

The influence of minute amounts of additives on pressure drop is an interesting fundamental phenomenon, potentially with important practical applications. Change of the pressure drop in a quasi-two-dimensional channel flow using various additives is experimentally investigated. Tests were conducted for a wide range of concentrations(100 ppm-500 ppm) and Reynolds numbers(16 000-36 000) with two polymers and four rigid fibers used as additive. Maximum drag reduction of 22% was observed for xanthan gum. However, xanthan gum loses its drag-reducing property rapidly. It was also seen that drag reduction percentage of xanthan gum remains almost constant for different Reynolds numbers. Guar flour demonstrated good drag reduction property at high Reynolds numbers. Drag reduction of 17.5% at Re= 33 200 using 300 ppm solution was observed. However, at low Reynolds numbers guar flour will cause an increase in pressure drop. Fiber fillers(aspect ratio=21) have been tested as well. In contrast to polymers, they increased the drag for the range of examined concentrations and Reynolds numbers. Polyacrylonitrile fiber with three different aspect ratios(106, 200, 400) was also used, which showed an increase in pressure drop at low aspect ratios. Polyacrylonitrile fibers of larger lengths(6 mm) demonstrated minor drag-reducing effects(up to 3%).     

低雷诺数下的钉螺绕流特征数值模拟

研究钉螺在水流中的运动规律对于控制钉螺扩散具有十分重要的意义。通过开源流体力学计算软件OpenFOAM,使用非结构化的三角形网格拟合钉螺边界,采用有限体积法和PISO算法计算平面无限区域中黏性不可压缩流体下的钉螺绕流运动,模拟了低雷诺数下横向和纵向2种水流条件螺体后方尾流形态变化,详细描述了漩涡脱落过程等现象;对比分析不同条件下钉螺的阻力系数C_D、回流区长度L_w/D、斯特罗哈数St等的区别。研究结果表明:随着雷诺数的增加,钉螺的阻力系数逐渐减小,尾流形态呈现3种不同的形态,初步确定各流态转变的临界雷诺数的范围。该研究可为进一步掌握钉螺扩散规律、改进水利阻螺措施提供理论依据。     

A STUDY OF DRAG COEFFICIENT RELATED WITH VEGETATION BASED ON THE FLUME EXPERIMENT

This study is focused on the effects of ecological factors (diameter and flexibility) and vegetation community composition on the drag coefficient related with vegetation. The single leafy shrub and three mixed communities (including shrub-grass, shrub-reed and reed-grass community) were studied. The flow velocity and water level were measured and used to calculate the drag coefficient based on the Bernoulli's equation, Darcy drag formula and the expression for the drag coefficient related with Darcy drag factor. The trend of the drag coefficient in the vertical direction was analyzed against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height in different discharges. The results show that beside the dense leafy shrubs community, the vertical trend of the drag coefficient among other cases against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height can be approximately expressed by power law functions under different flow discharges. Moreover, in a mixed community with two plants with distinctly different ecological factors, the one with the most distinct variations of ecological factors determines the vertical trend of the drag coefficient; the other one only affects the magnitude of the drag coefficient. Furthermore, if the ecological factors of the vegetation in the vertical direction are kept almost not changed, the drag coefficient can be approximately regarded as a constant.     

规则波作用下刚性植物拖曳力系数实验研究

植物的消波特性能有效防止波浪冲刷所造成的岸线侵蚀。在开展根茎叶共同作用下的刚性植物消波实验的基础上,采用Kobayashi和Dalrymple经验公式计算本实验植物模型的拖曳力系数,探究了拖曳力系数变化规律。通过对比分析两种经验公式计算所得的拖曳力系数,发现采用Kobayashi消波模型对于本实验中刚性植物消波模拟效果更好。根茎叶均在不同程度上对于植物消波特性产生影响。拖曳力系数与邱卡数、雷诺数、厄塞尔数及相对水深之间的关系依赖于植物淹没度。针对包含根茎叶的刚性植物,考虑植物摆动因素,对波能耗散方程中阻力项进行修正,提出改进的消波模型。     

DRAG REDUCTION OF A CATIONIC SURFACTANT SOLUTION AND ITS SHEAR STRESS RELAXATION

In order to study the mechanisms of the turbulent frictional drag reduction by surfactant additives,the drag reduction,the shear viscosity and the shear stress relaxation were measured for solutions of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) with the same molar sodium salicylate as a counter-ion.It is found that the first step relaxation time decreases with increasing concentration and,thus,with the maximum drag-reducing rates,which indicates that the stiffness of the micellar structures with the first relaxation time,increases with the increase of the concentration of CTAB.Furthermore,for this surfactant,a viscoelastic property is necessary for reducing drag,while a stronger viscoelasticity characterized by a tail relaxation time does not necessarily mean a higher drag-reducing rate.     

Advances of drag-reducing surface technologies in turbulence based on boundary layer control

Our living environment is surrounded by turbulence, which is also a concern of the global energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emission, and the viscous force on the solid-liquid/solid-gas interface is an important part of the turbulence. Reducing friction force in turbulence to the greatest extent is becoming an urgent issue to be resolved at present. In this paper, the various state-of-the-art approaches of drag-reducing and energy-saving technologies based on the boundary layer control are reviewed, focusing on the polymer drag reduction additives, the micro-morphology, the super-hydrophobic surface, the micro air bubbles, the heating wall, the vibrant flexible wall and the composite drag reduction methods. In addition, the mechanisms of different drag reductions based on the boundary layer control and the potential applications in fluid engineering are discussed. This paper aims not only to contribute to a better understanding of drag reduction mechanisms, but also to offer new perspectives to improve the current drag-reducing and energy saving technologies.