万安水库泥沙淤积分析

依据万安水库库区9个断面历年实测大断面资料以及万安水库坝址上下游5个水文站实测泥沙资料,分别采用地形对比法和沙量平衡法对库区泥沙淤积情况进行了分析计算,提出了万安水库泥沙淤积形态、淤积量、分布等结论.     

向家坝水电站泥沙淤积计算

为了研究上游为两个水库共同调度的情况下水库泥沙的淤积特性,选取了金沙江干流向家坝水电站作为研究对象.采用自主开发的一维非恒定流泥沙冲淤计算数学模型对向家坝水电站水库泥沙淤积进行了计算,具体对水库库区泥沙淤积、水库河床纵剖面变化、水库库容损失、水库排沙比、库区坝前泥沙淤积厚度作了计算,进一步分析泥沙淤积形态、泥沙淤积速度、库容损失以及排沙比的变化特点,得出了以下结论:由于上游水库的调度作用,使库区来水来沙较天然大不相同,导致库区泥沙淤积呈现带状淤积为主;前期泥沙淤积速度较慢,以后逐年加快,接近平衡时,淤积速度才又减慢;库容损失逐年增加;排沙比较大,水库运行前期排沙比较大但逐年减小,以后又逐年增大至水库淤积平衡.此外,还简要介绍了向家坝、溪洛渡以及雅砻江上的二滩电站的联合运行的综合拦沙效应.     

东港市水库泥沙淤积的初步分析

水库泥沙淤积主要是泥沙运动造成的,东港市水库库区淤积主要是在汛期几次大洪水输入大量泥沙所至。文中从淤积数量、淤积部位,淤积形态介绍了水库的淤积特性,并对水库泥沙淤积的防治提出了意见。     

大化库区泥沙淤积初步分析

本文根据库区断面淤积和冲刷变化情况 ,初步分析其成因 ,并预测水库淤积情况 ,以便判断泥沙淤积对水库寿命和大坝安全的影响     

水库淤积防治技术综述

介绍国内外水库泥沙淤积的情况及危害,结合具体案例,探讨减少上游来沙、库区清淤减沙、加大下泄泥沙等3类水库淤积防治技术的划分、特点及其适用范围,旨在为以后水库淤积防治技术的选用提供技术参考。     

嘉陵江亭子口水库泥沙淤积研究

利用一维不平衡输沙原理对嘉陵江亭子口水库正常蓄水位458 m运用方案进行了库区泥沙冲淤计算分析.计算结果表明:水库泥沙淤积形态为三角洲淤积,水库运用20 a,库区三角洲淤积体的顶点在距坝80 km左右,水库运用50 a三角洲淤积顶点下延至距坝60 km左右;当枢纽运用至100 a末时,库区泥沙淤积量为21.81亿m 3,水库泥沙淤积大部分集中在常年回水区;当枢纽运用至20 a末时,遇不同频率洪水时,受库区泥沙淤积影响,昭化以下41.9 km河段及昭化以上10 km左右河段水位抬高1.05～2.53 m.     

小型水电站库区淤积监测分析

通过对库区河道纵横剖面测量,建立水库泥沙淤积数据,研究电站运行期水库泥沙淤积与冲刷情况,准确计算水库库容量,进行库容损失分析,了解水库现状,进而评价水库运行质量,为电站管理提供决策依据。     

汾河水库泥沙淤积数值模拟

泥沙淤积是水库普遍存在的问题,为了解决汾河水库泥沙淤积的现状,本文基于泥沙随机沉降的原理,并结合汾河静乐水文站的历年实测资料,建立了汾河水库泥沙淤积的随机数学模型,通过2008年汾河水库淤积地形的模拟结果与2008年实测地形进行对比,验证了模型的准确性;应用模型对汾河水库库区泥沙淤积发展情况进行了模拟预测,通过模拟计算,汾河水库泥沙淤积呈三角洲形状,随淤积年限的增加,水库淤积体逐渐向坝前移动,水库运行20、50、60年后总库容由原来的6.94亿m3,分别减小到4.04亿m3、2.95亿m3、2.94亿m3。模拟结果为水库今后的运行和管理提供了科学的依据。     

谈谈水库的淤积及防治

谈谈水库的淤积及防治尚义县水务局周存福一、水库的淤积及带来的危害水库是重要的水利工程设施，在其建成后，蓄水使库区河段水深加大，水面比降减缓，水流输沙能力降低，入库水流所含泥沙大量落淤，因此形成了水库的淤积。尤其水库建在多泥沙的河流上，水库的淤积是相当...     

红山水库淤积规律研究

通过对红山水库38年不同运用阶段泥沙观测资料的分析,系统论述了红山水库库区纵、横剖面的淤积特点,预测了今后淤积发展的趋势。本文可为研究红山水库泥沙淤积数学模型及河工模型及多沙河流上水库制定控制运用方案提供参考。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比α0(初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值)分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比α0对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随α0变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。