加强珠江流域水安全保障机制建设的思考

按照"节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力"的新时期治水思路,大力推进水安全保障机制建设是珠江流域治水的重要途径。经过多年发展,在珠江流域层面初步建立了绿色珠江顶层设计、水量统一调度、水资源保护和水污染防治协作、突发性水污染事件快速反应、省际水事纠纷调处及预防等治水机制。现阶段应围绕"跨区域""省界"等重点关键部位,聚焦流域"热点""难点",进一步加强治水机制及相应的科技手段建设,为流域水安全提供更坚实的机制保障。     

沮漳河洪水管理的思路

通过分析沮漳河流域在洪水开发、利用、管理中存在的主要问题,提出沮漳河流域洪水管理思路是转变观念,由控制洪水向洪水管理转变,实现人与水和谐相处,建立流域管理机构,给洪水以出路,洪水资源化,改善和加强生态系统的保护、建设,重视非工程措施和提高水资源的承载能力.     

The use of goal-oriented strategies in the building of water governance in Brazil

Water policy in Brazil has delivered few positive outcomes in terms of the sustainable use of water resources, in spite of real progress in the consolidation of a democratic water governance system over the past decades. There are many reasons for this, most of them related to unsuccessful attempts to consolidate integrated water resources management practices. Water managers have a critical decision to make in the next years: to strengthen the existing decentralized and participatory water governance system, using innovative approaches to promote integrated water resources management; or to replace it with another, more centralized institutional model focusing on state actors.     

Non-water factors in water governance and their implications for water sustainability: The case of Ontario’s water use reduction policy

Despite longstanding interest in reducing water use in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province, public policy responses have tended to be restricted to the water sector’s traditional remit, e.g., improving public access to water data. However, it is not clear that these type of measures will be enough to address concerns over water quantity and advance water sustainability, as they are tied to other socio-economic concerns, external to the water sector. The purpose of this study is to understand the range of external factors that influenced the development and implementation of the water use reduction (WUR) policy in Ontario, and to identify opportunities for harnessing these factors to advance WUR objectives. To do so, we propose a diagnostic framework that maps external factors in relation to a specific water governance situation. We carried out 13 semi-structured interviews and reviewed 56 documents. We combined deductive and inductive approaches to content analysis. We found many non-water factors influencing the governance of WUR in Ontario. Particularly, the economic development provincial objective strongly shaped Ontario’s WUR policy by influencing the adoption of a demand management approach centering on water efficiency, rather than conservation. Furthermore, the WUR policy primarily serves the economic development objective. An implication is that water policies can be used instrumentally, raising the question of what constitutes a “water policy”. In summary, this study argues that non-water factors can thus influence our path to water sustainability, in this case represented by the water conservation approach, by defining an enabling (or hindering), institutional framework.     

Water Quantity and Quality Models Applied to the Jucar River Basin,Spain

Traditionally, water quality modelling has focused on modelling individual water bodies. However, water quality management problems must be analyzed at the basin scale. European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires introducing physical, chemical and biological aspects into the management of water resources systems. Water quality modelling at a basin scale presents the advantage of incorporating in a dynamic way the relationships between the different elements and water bodies. Currently, there are few tools to deal with water modelling of water quality and management at the basin scale. This paper presents the development of a water quantity model and a water quality model for a very complex water resources system: the Júcar River Basin (Spain). The basin is characterized by a high degree of use of the water and by many water problems related to point and diffuse pollution, on top of a complex water quantity management of the basin. To deal with this problem, SIMGES (water allocation) and GESCAL (water quality) basin scale models have been used. Both are part of the Decision Support System AQUATOOL, one of the main instruments used in Spain in order to analyze water quantity and quality aspects of water resources systems for the compliance with WFD, as shown for the case of study.     

Challenges and Opportunities for Transboundary Water Cooperation in Central Asia: Findings from UNECE's Regional Assessment and Project Work

This paper provides an overview of topical issues and problems related to transboundary water resources in Central Asia and their management in the light of the Second Assessment carried out under the UNECE Water Convention (2009– 2011) as well as experiences from ongoing projects. The conflict between water use for hydropower and for agriculture, land degradation and negatively impacted ecosystems resulting from reduced flows and degraded water quality, poor condition of the hydraulic infrastructure, and the legacy of pollution all have implications for health, economy, and stability in the region. The outdated legal framework for regional cooperation on shared waters requires improvement to help find sustainable long-term solutions for reasonable and equitable use of shared water resources.     

Water for third world development: A perspective from the south

Historically interest in water resources development has always been higher in the South than in the North. From the perspective of the South, there can be no real direct international governance in the field of water, either in terms of quantity or quality. Even though the final decisions on water management are made by the appropriate levels of the governments in individual countries, international organizations do influence such decisions by a variety of ways and means. Two major issues — international rivers and environmental considerations — are discussed, where international governance can have major impacts on national water policies and institutions.     

ÖKOHYDRAULIK – Integrative Methoden in Wissenschaft und Praxis im Spannungsfeld der europäischen Richtlinien (Hochwasser-, Wasserrahmen- und Erneuerbare Energie)

The requirements and objectives of those European guidelines that are most relevant for Austrian water management reflect at times disparate perspectives with regard to the current and future use of our waters. In some cases the objectives are in fact diametrically opposed (Renewables Directive and Water Framework Directive), while in others there is the potential for synergies, for example the call for providing more space for rivers (Floods Directive and Water Framework Directive). These potentials for conflict and desirable synergies underline the need to adopt increasingly interdisciplinary approaches, and to translate those approaches into concrete projects. With the help of ecohydraulics, an interdisciplinary field combining hydraulics, river morphology and aquatic biology (as well as vegetation), it is possible to address precisely this need for an integrative perspective, both in fundamental research and in water management practice. With regard to its implementation in river engineering projects, especially habitat modeling approaches concerning different spatial scales allow to assess the varying habitat needs of specific indicator species (macrozoobenthos and fish) in a quantitative and objective way. These methods for quantifying potential habitat changes, e.g. as a water diversion, offer an essential foundation for responding to current and future water management issues.     

History and review of the habitat suitability criteria curve in applied aquatic ecology

Hydraulic microhabitat assessment is a category of environmental flow tools (e.g., Physical Habitat Simulation system and other methodologically similar software) that, at its core, uses habitat suitability criteria (HSC) to link values of point hydraulic variables (usually depth, velocity, and substrate/cover) to habitat values for target life stages. Although this assessment tool has been used worldwide for decades, the history of the HSC curve is relatively unknown because the foundational information is predominantly contained in obscure and often unpublished reports. We review the history of the HSC concept in applied aquatic ecology to clarify its scientific pedigree, ensure its proper use, and build a foundation for future research. We begin the review with the formative decades of the 1950's through the 1970's, when consumptive‐based western USA water law conflicted with conservation traditions and natural resource management objectives, although water allocation issues date back at least to the 19th century. By analysing the history of the HSC concept, we aim to establish the biological, hydrologic, and geomorphological conditions that must be met for the HSC concept to be successfully employed. In spite of its documented assumptions and limitations, the HSC concept will likely continue to be a useful tool to help address water resources allocation issues in defined hydrologic and geomorphic settings. We conclude that HSC‐based methodologies should be considered as one of several environmental flow approaches involved in sustainable water resources management.     

Integrating Stakeholders’ Preferences into Water Resources Management Planning in the Incomati River Basin

Stakeholder participation is a key principle of the integrated water resources management. It is a central issue in planning and decision making processes for the development of suitable water resources management strategies at the river basin level. This study tests a methodology for identifying stakeholders’ preferences regarding water resources management objectives, to incorporate them in the design of water resources management plans at the river basin level. The empirical application of this study focused in Mozambique, on the Incomati river basin. This research applies the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to evaluate stakeholders’ involvement and participation in the selection of water resources management plans. This research revealed that there are heterogeneities in stakeholders’ individual groups preferences regarding water resources management objectives and the management options of their satisfaction. Furthermore it revealed the potential utility of the AHP methodological framework in facilitating stakeholders’ participation and involvement in planning and decision-making processes for the development of water resources management plans. The application of this approach may improve water governance at the river basin level through higher commitments of stakeholders to the proposed objectives.     

长江保护与利用面临的水问题及其对策思考

目前长江流域已基本形成了水资源综合利用与综合防灾减灾体系,也初步构建了水环境改善与水生态保护治理框架;但面对新时期长江大保护和长江经济带高质量发展的新要求,还存在一些不足。深入剖析了当前存在的水资源用水方式粗放、废污水排放严重、水生生物多样性下降、局部洪旱灾害频发等问题及其特征,并基于流域水系统的整体性、系统性以及内在规律,探讨长江流域水环境恶化、水生态损害、水资源短缺与水旱灾害等“四水问题”的应对策略以及协同治理方式。     

Environmental flow assessment as a tool for achieving environmental objectives of African water policy,with examples from East Africa

Africa has set ambitious targets for development of water resources over the coming decades. Africa Water Vision 2025 calls for a doubling of irrigated agriculture and a five-fold increase in water use for agriculture, industry, and hydropower. The ambitious development targets are framed in the context of integrated water resources management, which also seeks to simultaneously allocate sufficient water for environmental sustainability. Over the past two decades scientists have devised a number of practical and robust approaches to determine environmental water requirements in rivers and wetlands based on the objectives set in water planning. We review the most widely applied approaches to assess environmental flow requirements and consider their application in Africa through case studies in the transboundary Mara River basin of Kenya and Tanzania and the Great Ruaha River basin in Tanzania.     

The social conditions of self-organized utilities: water cooperatives in La Paz and El Alto,Bolivia

The development of water supply and sanitation networks in the cities of Latin America have mostly followed European models, with city-wide systems providing water through a network of pipes controlled by a single operator. This article explores alternatives to this system through a case study of La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia, where many families get their water from cooperatives. The objectives of this article, based on spatial analysis, questionnaires, interviews and observations, is to study the ways in which large technical systems and alternative systems potentially complement one another. The Bolivian case provides an original perspective on the social conditions of possibility for the collective ‘self-organization’ of water governance.     

霍伦河地表水资源调查评价

霍伦河流域水资源评价是对区域内水资源的数量、质量、时空分布特征、开发利用情况和供需发展趋势作出的科学的估价。其核心是要研究计算大气降水、地表水、污水及外调水或过境水等水量,调查分析农业用水、工业用水、生活用水、生态用水与环境用水等五种需求。科学分析区域水资源的特点,准确把握其在数量、质量等方面的特性。展望水资源开发利用前景量、质量等方面的特性。展望水资源开发利用前景,合理开发利用和保护水资源,达到以水资源可持续利用支撑经济社会可持续发展的目。     

A Comparison of Modelling Systems for the Development and Revision of Water Resources Management Plans

In this paper, two modelling systems used for the simulation of water resources management are compared. These modelling systems can be used in the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive or to perform any other kind of integrated assessment with regard to water resources management. In such investigations the use of models is inevitable, as integrated water resources management demands the survey of large areas as well as the inclusion of the different functions of the water cycle and water utilisation processes. Water quantity data provides important input for hydro-chemical, hydro-ecological or hydro-economic models. If no significant water resources management activities are realised in the basin under study, these data can be provided by simple rainfall-runoff models. If significant water resources management activities are realised or planned, the effects of these water resources management activities must be taken into consideration. Then, however, the use of water resources management models becomes necessary. Two such modelling systems, WRAP and WBalMo, are compared. Both have been designed for the development and revision of water resources management plans. Due to different approaches regarding the modelling routines the models lead to different results in the calculation of water quantities. By tracking the simulation algorithms, an understanding of the detected differences becomes possible. By adapting the spatial configuration of the modelled system, equivalent results can be obtained.     

大型水利综合类工程良性运行管理体制研究

大型水利综合类工程不能实现良性运行已经成为影响水利改革发展的突出问题。目前大型水利综合类工程的管理体制与管理目标之间存在矛盾，通过分析大型水利综合类工程良性运行的基本内涵与工程管理体制的关系．明确影响大型水利综合类工程管理体制的因素，对于确立新型管理体制，实现工程良性运行有十分重要的意义。     

流域水资源脆弱性评价与适应性治理研究框架

针对流域水资源脆弱性与适应性问题,提出了脆弱性分析与适应性治理研究框架,包括水资源脆弱性的影响因素分析,面向治理决策的水资源脆弱性评价指标体系构建,基于粗集-BP神经网络模型进行水资源脆弱性评价。分析了流域水资源脆弱性的原因和产生机理,针对不同脆弱性机理拟定了适应性治理组合方案。最后运用奈特不确定性REU模型通过概率分布函数和效用函数的二次期望求解,对拟定的备选治理方案进行了决策选择。所提出的研究框架为流域水资源脆弱性评价与适应性治理研究奠定了基础。     

中非视角下的生态环境保护与治理

利用大数据展示了过去500 a非洲具有代表性的国家和中国在水资源应用方面的不同,并着重对中国水资源环境保护问题进行了宏观探讨。改革开放40多年来中国的城市化进程迅速,中国对生态环境的重视程度在逐渐加强。近年来中国在生态环境保护方面加大了力度,采取了一系列污染水体治理措施,研究了一系列污染水体治理方法,比如常见的外源截污、内源控制、水质净化、生态修复以及活水循环。这些方法是具有建设性的,但是在某些情况下缺乏地域性与针对性,这样很可能会蜕变成放之四海而皆准的教条主义,甚至会出现严重的病症。以重庆四山三谷的“清水绿岸”和“两江四岸”为例,阐述了水环境生态保护需要针对水资源质量进行管理,而不仅仅是单一的水质等级达标。在水环境治理与生态修复中需要针对不同级别流域制定不同的水资源质量目标并进行综合管理。     

南水北调中线水源工程调水管理研究

跨流域调水工程的管理与运营包含了技术、经济、环境、社会等多行业和多学科的许多复杂问题,如何进行合理运行、科学调度和有效管理,是实现跨流域调水工程项目最终规划目标和获得最大综合效益的重要因素。本文介绍了国内外对跨流域调水工程管理体制的一些做法和探索性研究,分析了国内外调水工程的成功经验和存在的问题,并针对南水北调中线水源工程调水管理提出研究思路,供借鉴。