非线性强度指标边坡稳定安全系数取值标准的研究

从强度指标的取值原则和边坡稳定的风险分析两方面，论述对土石坝堆石材料进行非线性强度的稳定分析时安全系数的合理取值原则。通过对以往工程硬岩堆石料的非线性强度试验数据统计分析和实际算例，说明使用非线性参数的安全系数和可靠度指标与传统的线性参数相应值处于同一量级：因此，在进行非线性分析时，同样可以使用现有规范对坝坡允许安全系数所规定的标准。     

鱼塘水电站溢洪道消力池边坡稳定性分析与治理

鱼塘水电站工程溢洪道消力池边坡为页岩边坡，坡度虽然不陡，但稳定性差。边坡采取了削坡减载、预应力锚固、排水、坡脚回填、坡面喷混凝土封闭保护等措施进行综合治理。治理完工已过一年，监测结果表明边坡稳定。     

大奔流沟料场高边坡锚索锚固力增大原因分析

锦屏一级水电站大奔流沟料场人工边坡是目前国内在建水电站工程中的最大高度边坡。为确保边坡的稳定性,对坡面采取了系统锚杆、预应力锚索、挂网喷护等支护措施。2011年2～4月,现场监测发现,在边坡2 010 m高程附近的预应力锚索大面积出现锚固力持续增加并伴有局部变形破坏现象。结合边坡工程地质条件,运用工程力学与岩体力学原理对预应力锚索锚固力持续增大原因进行了分析,认为锚索锚固力持续增大主要是因开挖使砂、板岩坡面岩体下坐变形所致。后续深层支护完成后,锚固力收敛并趋稳定。     

岩质边坡坡率与滑动面倾角对锚固效果的影响

以含结构面的岩质边坡为例,首先采用ANSYS进行建模与网格划分;之后使用FLAC^3D软件内置接触面语句,建立固定的滑动面倾角;最后采用强度折减法求解边坡的安全系数。通过对理论公式的推导与数值模拟结果的拟合,得出如下结论:①在岩质边坡中,通过理论推导,将最优锚固角定义为锚杆自由段承受最大抗滑力时所对应的锚固角。②当坡率固定时,锚固角与安全系数呈负相关关系,随着锚固角增大,安全系数逐渐减小;当滑动面倾角固定时,在最优锚固角状态下,边坡的安全系数随着边坡坡率的增大而减小。③当滑动面倾角固定时,锚固角与安全系数呈负相关关系,随着锚固角的增大,安全系数逐渐减小;当坡率固定时,在最优锚固角状态下,随着边坡滑动面倾角的增大,安全系数先减小后增大。     

大奔流沟料场施工期高边坡稳定性数值模拟

锦屏一级水电站大奔流沟料场边坡开挖高度468 m，开挖量巨大，岩层陡倾坡外，快速开挖卸荷过程中边坡安全稳定问题突出。在边坡破坏模式分析的基础上，建立了考虑层状岩体各项异性的数值分析模型，研究边坡开挖过程中应力、位移、塑性区和锚固受力演化特征，并评价边坡稳定性。研究表明，边坡整体稳定性主要受控于边坡的地质结构特征、层间错动带和岩层层面的抗剪强度等因素。总体上，开挖完成后边坡安全系数满足规范要求。     

降雨入渗对煤系膨胀土边坡瞬态稳定性影响分析

采用非饱和瞬态渗流有限元与极限平衡法相结合,对降雨入渗过程中煤系膨胀土边坡的渗流场与稳定场进行数值模拟,分析了土体渗透系数、降雨强度、降雨持时以及坡比等参数变化对煤系膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,土体渗透系数对边坡安全系数有较大影响,渗透系数较大的边坡在降雨48 h后,其安全系数出现陡降,最大降幅达到27. 82%。降雨强度越大,相同降雨持时的边坡安全系数越小,安全系数的降幅也越大。坡比对煤系膨胀土边坡的安全系数有显著影响,边坡安全系数随着坡比的减小而增大,在降雨强度为8. 33"10-7m/s的情况下,建议该类型土质边坡的坡比取值为1∶1. 5～1∶1. 75。     

基于强度折减法的鲁基厂水电站厂区边坡稳定分析

采用弹塑性有限元强度折减法对云南省鲁基厂水电站厂区边坡进行了稳定分析,并采用极限平衡方法对计算结果进行了验证.计算结果表明:在参数取值与计算模型一致的情况下,2种方法计算所得安全系数基本吻合,均能满足现行规范的要求,设计采用的支护方案及加强措施能保证边坡的安全稳定.同时简要地介绍并讨论了强度折减法的基本原理及锚固支护计...     

锚杆框架梁支护膨胀土路堑高边坡稳定性分析

以江西万载至宜春高速公路某膨胀土路堑3级高边坡为研究对象,利用有限差分方法对锚杆框架梁支护结构与坡体共同作用下的边坡稳定性进行了三维数值计算,分析了不同坡级锚杆参数对路堑高边坡变形和安全系数的影响规律。结果表明,边坡安全系数并不是随锚杆长度的增加而持续增加,而是存在一峰值,锚杆布设角度对边坡安全系数影响较小,而对边坡变形有显著影响,不同坡率的各级边坡存在最优锚固角。     

满拉水电站进水口部位边坡处理

满拉水电站进水口部位经过详细的地质勘探，发现有两条顺坡向断层在坡脚出露，经过稳定计算，断层上部岩体抗滑稳定安全系数偏小。因此，设计上建议对此滑坡体进行处理，并对边坡处理的两种方法进行了方案比较，最终决定推荐采用预应力锚固方案。     

洪家渡水电站边坡处理中的预应力锚固技术

通过预应力锚固技术在洪家渡水电站左右岸坝肩边坡、左岸进水口顺向坡、溢洪道进出口边坡、引水隧洞进水口边坡及2号塌滑体等部位的应用, 达到了工程安全经济和加快施工进度的目的, 取得了岩溶地区预应力锚固技术设计施工的大量经验, 为预应力锚固技术在水电工程的应用提供了典型实例。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。