考虑壁面阻力水跃共轭水深的计算方法

根据前人对附壁射流区流速分布和壁面切应力的研究成果,通过边界层的动量积分方程研究水跃区的边界层发展和壁面阻力系数的计算方法,通过动量方程研究考虑壁面阻力时的水跃共轭水深的计算方法。研究表明:水跃区的边界层厚度沿程增加;壁面阻力系数是水跃旋滚长度、跃前断面水深和弗劳德数以及水流运动黏滞系数的函数;水跃共轭水深比是跃前断面弗劳德数和壁面阻力系数的函数。提出了水跃区水流边界层发展、水跃旋滚长度和壁面阻力系数的计算公式,并将壁面阻力系数用于计算水跃的共轭水深。通过F.G.Carollo和W.C.Hughes的试验资料对公式进行验证,证明提出的公式形式合理、考虑参数全面、计算简单、具有足够的精度。     

含柔性植物明渠水流阻力特性试验研究

利用水槽试验研究了无草、淹没型、非淹没型柔性植物水流阻力特性的变化规律,分析了含植物明渠沿程水面比降和阻力系数的变化特性。得到各植物阻力系数变化与尼库拉兹曲线基本相似,紊流范围内同样可划分为紊流光滑区、紊流过渡区、紊流粗糙区;探讨了各植物明渠等效河床的问题,据此确定了各植物的粗糙度,对植物粗糙度、水流雷诺数和阻力系数之间的关系进行了分析,并通过对各植物水流阻力系数的分区回归计算,得到各植物水流阻力的分区经验表达式,该方法能较好地应用于含植物明渠水流阻力系数的推求。     

伪均质流紊流阻力的研究

伪均质流在紊流光滑区及过渡区的阻力问题,存在各种分歧意见.本文提出一种新的分析方法,论证了在紊流光滑区及过渡区的伪均质流阻力系数低于同雷诺数清水的阻力系数.本中得到的关系式可直接应用于上述阻力系数的计算.     

波状床面消力池的流速分布和壁面阻力系数

根据S.A.Ead和N.Rajaratnam(2002)对波状床面消力池流速、边界层厚度和壁面阻力的试验成果,通过对试验资料的分析,研究波状床面消力池断面流速分布和最大流速沿程变化的规律;根据边界层理论,研究波状床面消力池边界层的发展和壁面阻力系数的变化规律。研究表明:波状床面消力池的断面流速分布具有相似性和分区性,断面流速具有同一分布规律,各断面以最大流速为界,将其分为边界层区域和混合区域,在边界层区,流速沿垂线不断增大,在混合区,垂线流速不断减小;消力池的最大流速沿程逐渐衰减;波状床面消力池的边界层厚度远大于光滑壁面的边界层厚度;壁面阻力系数大于光滑壁面的阻力系数。提出了断面流速和沿程最大流速的计算公式和波状床面消力池边界层厚度和壁面阻力系数的计算方法。对所提出的公式与S.A.Ead和N.Rajaratnam(2002)的试验成果进行了对比分析,验证了计算方法的正确性。     

聚氨酯化学注浆与背水面防水处理技术

除了常用的迎水面防水技术之外，背水面防水则更为困难、在某些条件下甚至无其他方法可代替。为增进人们的认识和推广应用新技术，介绍了三种背水面防水材料，及材料的形成发展过程、施工工艺、实用范围和在实践中存在的问题，特别是水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料，具有防水堵漏并能使混凝土致密的特殊效果。工程实例证明，背水面防水涂层优于迎水面防水涂层。     

高浓度泥浆泵输送能力及管道阻力试验研究

为确定利用管道输送高含沙泥浆的阻力系数，选择典型的河段、堤段及工程施工设备，进行原型观测，采集试验数据。利用高含沙水流的能量平衡关系和阻力特性进行分析探讨，得出黄河高浓度泥浆输送管道阻力系数的一些变化规律及管道流量与排距、综合排距的关系。     

高含沙明渠紊流光滑区f—Re关系与平均流速公式

本文根据水槽试验结果，从紊动与絮网结构相互影响的角度分析了光滑区内阻力系数ｆ与有效雷诺数Ｒｅ关系散乱的原因；通过分析ｆ与断面平均流速Ｖ的关系，建立了高含沙明渠紊流光滑区平均流速公式，并作初步分析。     

黄河下游滩区村台绕流特性数值研究

采用雷诺平均的不可压缩流体控制方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,对不同来流角、长宽比作用下村台周围的分离区及尾流区进行了数值模拟,得到了村台周围分离区及尾流区的时均流场分布。在此基础上,分析了不同长宽比和来流角对村台绕流下游尾流区长度、宽度和脱落涡频率的影响规律。结果表明:随着来流角的变化,村台绕流的分离区及尾流区特征受迎水面宽度的影响较大,特别是尾流区长度和宽度几乎与迎水面宽度成正比;随着长宽比的增加,村台周围分离区范围增大;村台尾流区的长度、宽度和脱落涡频率,在长宽比K<2.5时随长宽比K的增加略减小,在K=2.5附近达到最小值,然后随长宽比的增加而增大。     

陡坡上层流边界层的两种积分方程解法

本文利用陡坡上边界层的动能积分方程和动量积分方程,并假设层流边界层内流速符合一般的多项式分布,分别获得了相应的层流边界层及壁面阻力系数的计算式。对动能积分方程解法的结果与精确解比较表明,动能积分解法更接近精确解,并有足够的精度。     

高含沙明渠紊流光滑区f－Re关系与平均流速公式

本文根据水槽试验结果，从紊动与絮网结构相互影响的角度分析了光滑区内阻力系数ｆ与有效雷诺数Ｒｅ关系散乱的原因；通过分析ｆ与断面平均流速Ｖ的关系，建立了高含沙明渠紊流光滑区平均流速公式，井作初步分析．     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。