Energy budget considerations for hydro-climatic impact assessment in Great Lakes watersheds

Given the large share of the water budget contributed by evapotranspiration (ET), accurately estimating ET is critical for hydro-climate change studies. Routinely, hydrologic models use temperature proxy relationships to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET) when forced using GCM/RCM projections of precipitation and temperature. A limitation of this approach is that the temperature proxy relationships do not account for the conservation of energy needed to estimate ET consistently in climate change scenarios. In particular, PET methods using temperature as a proxy fail to account for the negative feedback of ET on surface temperature. Using several GCM projections and a hydrologic model developed for the Great Lakes basin watersheds, the NOAA Large Basin Runoff Model (LBRM), the importance of maintaining a consistent energy budget in hydrologic and climate models is demonstrated by comparing runoff projections from temperature proxy and energy conservation methods. Differences in hydrologic responses are related to watershed characteristics, hydrologic model parameters and climate variables. It is shown that the temperature proxy approach consistently leads to prediction of relatively large and potentially unrealistic reductions in runoff. Therefore, hydrologic projections adhering to energy conservation principles are recommended for use in climate change impact studies.     

黄淮海流域实际蒸散发时空演变规律分析

蒸散发是气候系统能量循环和水分循环的关键要素，探究黄淮海流域实际蒸散发的演变规律及其影响因素对深入理解该区域水循环对气候变化的响应具有重要意义。基于1980—2018年黄淮海流域的GLEAM蒸散发产品数据、气象数据和NDVI数据，采用线性回归法、Mann-Kendall检验及相关性分析等方法，分析了实际蒸散发的时空演变规律及其影响因素。结果表明:GLEAM产品的计算值在黄淮海流域的验证精度较好，流域内多年平均实际蒸散发量为474 mm，呈显著上升趋势。实际蒸散发的空间变化范围是183~708 mm，空间差异显著，呈现从东南向西北方向递减的趋势，季节的空间分布与年际分布特征基本一致。实际蒸散发与NDVI均呈显著正相关关系，与降水和气温以正相关关系为主。黄淮海流域降水变化不明显，气温显著升高，NDVI增加是流域内实际蒸散发量显著上升的主要原因。     

基于SWAT模型的秦淮河流域气候变化水文响应研究

为了解气候变化对水文水资源的影响机理,以秦淮河流域为研究区构建SWAT模型,使用SWAT-CUP对模型进行参数敏感性分析、率定及验证,并采用任意假设法设计未来气候情景,分析温度及降雨变化对流域径流及实际蒸散发量的影响。结果表明:模型在月径流模拟中具有较高的精度,适用于秦淮河流域气候变化下的水文响应研究;气温降低或降雨量上升都会引起流域径流量增加,反之则减少;实际蒸散发量与降雨量正相关,而实际蒸散发量对气温变化的响应不明显;平水年径流量对降雨量变化的响应较强,枯水年径流量对温度变化的响应较强;枯水年实际蒸散发量对降雨量变化的响应较强。     

气候变但对石羊河流域水资源影响分析

本文研究了石羊河流域气候变化对水资源和干旱的影响,旨在为将来的水资源配置提供了决策依据。研究采用了Mann-Kendall秋序检测方法对石羊河流域气候变化趋势进行了分析。在变化趋势的分析中,同时引入一种适合非线性和非平稳时间序列突变检测的新方法一B-G分割算法来检测其趋势的突变性。研究结果表明:石羊河流域上游降水存在突变;而整个流域的气温均存在突变;上游和中游潜在蒸发量(PET )均存在突变;而整个流域的有效降雨不存在突变。特别是进入20世纪90年代后期以后,年平均温度增加幅度更为明显,潜在蒸发量(PET )也在增加,而降雨增加却不明显。     

Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources Availability and Agricultural Water Demand in the West Bank

Global climate change is predicted as a result of increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. It is predicted that climate change will result in increasing temperature by 2 to 6°C and a possible reduction of precipitation of up to 16% in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, the West Bank is taken as a case study from the Mediterranean basin to evaluate the effects of such climate change on water resources availability and agricultural water demands. Due to the uncertainty in climate change impacts on temperature and precipitation, a number of scenarios for these impacts were assumed within the range of predicted changes. For temperature, three scenarios of 2, 4 and 6°C increase were assumed. For precipitation, two scenarios of no change and 16% precipitation reduction were assumed. Based on these scenarios, monthly evapotranspiration and monthly precipitation excess depths were estimated at seven weather stations distributed over the different climatic and geographical areas of the West Bank. GIS spatial analyses showed that the increase in temperature predicted by climate change could potentially increase agricultural water demands by up to 17% and could also result in reducing annual groundwater recharge by up to 21% of existing values. However, the effects of reduced precipitation resulting from climate change are more enormous as a 16% reduction in precipitation could result in reducing annual groundwater recharge in the West Bank by about 30% of existing value. When this effect is combined with a 6°C increase in temperature, the reduction in groundwater recharge could reach 50%.     

Responses of soil moisture to climate change based on projections by the end of the 21st century under the high emission scenario in the ‘Huang–Huai–Hai Plain’ region of China

Based on the future potential projections in the late 21st century under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the maximal responses of surface soil moisture (SSM) to an extreme climate change are exhibited in the ‘Huang–Huai–Hai Plain’ (‘3H’) region of China. The Common Land Model (CoLM) and the approach of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation related to parameters (CNOP-P) are employed to explore the above issue. Three climate change scenarios, associated with temperature change, precipitation change and changes in both temperature and precipitation, are provided by applying the CNOP-P approach and denoted as the CNOP-P-type temperature change scenario, the CNOP-P-type precipitation change scenario and the CNOP-P-type climate change scenario, respectively. For the CNOP-P-type scenarios, the changes in both climatology and climate variability relative to the reference climate condition are included. To explore the different responses of SSM to different types of climate scenarios, the hypothesized climate change scenarios are examined as well, in which only the change in climatology is considered. Numerical results have suggested that the CNOP-P-type scenario induces greater SSM responses in terms of variation magnitudes than the hypothesized climate change does, especially in the semi-arid regions north of 35°N. For the two types of climate change scenarios, the differences about precipitation and soil ice changes result in the difference about SSM changes in the northern region, though the difference about evapotranspiration variations helps to narrow the difference about SSM. The above results imply that climate variability is important to SSM in the semi-arid region.     

拉萨河流域潜在蒸散发的气象因子敏感性

蒸散发可以反映气候变化对水资源的影响状况,根据拉萨河流域两个站点1955-2018年的逐日气象数据,采用FAO-56-Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散发(ET_0),进而采用敏感性分析、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、气候倾向率及小波分析等方法对拉萨河流域ET_0的变化特征及其影响因素进行分析。对比两个站点的变化规律,结果表明:流域ET_0整体对最高温度最为敏感,最高温度的贡献率最大,气象因子的敏感系数年内变幅为相对湿度最高温度风速日照时数最低温度;流域ET_0的日变化趋势为每10年增加0.03 mm,Mann-Kendall检验流域ET_0增长并不显著;流域的ET_0在25～30a尺度上周期振荡明显,出现了7次循环交替。     

气候变化对嘉陵江流域水资源量的影响分析

 嘉陵江是长江的最大支流,流域面积约16万km2。针对2050,2100年不同的气候变化情景,选取较为不利的参数组合,根据降水、气温、湿度、风速、日照等气候要素的变化,建立潜在蒸发量模型计算流域的潜在蒸发量（ET0）,再根据流域内植被的蒸散发系数（Kc）,计算流域的面平均蒸散发量（ETc）。并利用流域面平均降水量减去径流深得到流域的实际蒸散发量,对计算的流域面平均蒸散发量进行验证。对不同的水平年利用降水的预测成果（气候变化情景不同具有不同的降水量预测成果）及计算流域的面平均蒸散发量,根据水量平衡模型分析计算气候变化对嘉陵江流域水量的影响。结果表明：不利条件下2050年年径流将减少23.0%～27.9%;2100将减少28.2%～35.2%;2050,2100年平均年径流分别相当于目前7年一遇和12年一遇的干旱年。由此说明,气候变化对流域内的水资源量影响十分显著。      

基于MOD16的东江流域地表蒸散发时空特征分析

流域内蒸散特征及其变化原因对于保持能量平衡和水循环有关键作用。基于MOD16遥感数据集,分析东江流域地表蒸散发年际和年内的时空分布规律以及不同土地覆被类型的地表蒸散发时空特征。结果表明:①东江流域蒸散值(ET)整体呈中游>下游>上游的态势,而潜在蒸散发值(PET)呈下游>中游>上游的趋势。②10 a中,ET值波动较小,而PET值则相对波动较大,二者在2014年后均有增加趋势。③年内各月ET呈单峰型,ET值较高的月份集中在5—10月,最高月份在9月,ET值较低的月份集中在12月—次年2月,最低月份为2月;其次,流域内四季的ET均值表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季。④不同土地利用类型下,年尺度上,ET表现为裸地>耕地>城市用地>草地>林地;PET表现为城市用地>耕地>草地>林地>裸地;月尺度上,ET与年尺度基本一致,且冬季ET变异系数较高,夏季较低;在林地,四季ET的变异系数均较低,离散程度小。研究结果为预防东江流域的旱涝灾害提供理论依据。     

西藏近25 a湖泊变迁及其驱动力分析

作为全球气候变化敏感区,分析气候变暖与经济发展背景下西藏湖面动态变化,对揭示区域环境演变特征与规律具有重要意义。基于1990—2015年Landsat遥感影像获取湖泊水域边界信息,分析近25 a西藏湖泊的时空分布及变化特征,结合气候因素与人为因素变化特征分析湖泊变化的主要驱动力,及湖泊变迁对气候的响应。结果表明:近25 a,西藏新增湖泊261个,总面积从24 161.1 km²增加到了30 549.2 km²。时间上,流域内湖泊总面积1990—1995年严重萎缩,1996—2006年迅速扩张,2007—2013年湖泊扩张速度减缓,降雨量、气温、蒸散发的变化趋势较好地反映了湖泊由萎缩到扩张的变化原因。空间上,不同地区湖泊变迁存在明显的空间差异:西藏中部地区温度和蒸散发相对较低,降雨量较大,湖泊面积扩张迅速;西藏北部地区温度偏高,降雨量少,蒸散发大,但温度升高加速冰川冻土融化成为湖泊扩张的可能因素;喜马拉雅山脉温度较高,蒸发量远大于降雨量,导致湖泊萎缩。人类活动加剧了当地对湖泊等水资源的需求,湖泊却呈扩张趋势,说明西藏地区的湖泊变迁主要受到气候因素的驱动。