潮流紊动特性试验研究

开展潮流的紊动特性研究,对于了解潮汐水域泥沙及污染物输运机理、保护生态环境具有重要意义。本文通过水槽试验系统全面地研究了潮位正弦变化的往复流紊动特性随潮变化规律,以100 Hz的高采样频率连续采集主流区测点三维瞬时流速,根据移动平均法及最小二乘原理计算时均流速过程曲线,据此分析了紊动强度及雷诺切应力随潮变化规律、特征潮时概率密度分布与正态分布的差异,以及脉动流速的紊动能谱。研究结果表明,水流纵向流速随潮近似于正弦规律变化;纵向、横向与垂向的相对紊动强度在转潮阶段出现峰值;涨急与落急时段,与纵向脉动流速相关的雷诺切应力相对较大,纵向与垂向脉动流速概率密度分布偏离正态分布;特征潮时的脉动能谱密度均随频率增大而减小,水流能量主要集中在10 Hz以内。     

密排粗糙床面明渠水流的紊动特性

为揭示密排粗糙床面对明渠水流紊动参数的定量影响规律,采用不同直径的圆形玻璃珠制作了3种密排加糙床面,基于光滑床面和加糙床面明渠紊流PIV流场测试资料,探讨了加糙后紊动强度、雷诺应力和紊动能等参数的变化特征。结果表明:床面粗糙对紊动参数的影响主要体现在内区,而外区紊动参数的变化相对较小。加糙后纵向和垂向紊动强度相对值u'~+、v'~+在内区呈现不同的变化规律,流量相同时,粗糙雷诺数Re_*越大,v'~+越大,而u'~+越小;床面粗糙对内区水流有抑制纵向紊动和加强垂向紊动的双重作用,而对外区水流有加强纵、垂双向紊动的作用;床面加糙对垂向紊动强度的影响总体大于纵向。加糙后内、外区的雷诺应力绝对值均增大,内区增幅尤为明显,雷诺应力增大的原因在于水流质点混掺强度和频次均增大。不同工况紊动能相对值E~+在内区差异明显,随着相对水深η的增大,E~+差异逐渐减小,在水面附近趋于一致;加糙后内区紊动能绝对值总体减小,而外区紊动能绝对值有所增大,内、外区紊动能变化与床面粗糙抑制水流纵向紊动强度和加强质点垂向混掺作用等因素有关。     

常曲率U型弯道水流紊动特性试验研究

采用三维声学多普勒流速仪,对水流三维流速进行了采集,对弯道水流的脉动进行了统计分析,研究了典型断面的紊动强度、紊动切应力、紊动能的分布。试验结果能够很好的揭示弯道水流的三维特性及分布规律。研究成果为进一步研究水流的紊动结构及泥沙的运动机理提供了参考资料。     

射流冲沙研究

作者通过实验和分析，研究了横流中加入平面冲击射流对防止局部泥沙淤积的影响。水槽实验中观测了水射流局部紊动强度变化、射流冲沙范围内局部紊动剪应力分布、泥沙不淤积临界断面的底部垂向紊动强度和射流强度与泥沙防淤尺度的关系。得出了射流影响区水流紊动能随距离的衰减规律和保持泥沙不淤积所需的水流临界紊动强度。统计分析了射流强度与紊动能的变化关系。根据泥沙悬浮理论和射流紊动输沙机理，建立了水射流局部无泥沙淤积长度经验计算式，并以不同特性泥沙的射流输沙实验资料对所建立的计算公式进行了验证，二者吻合良好。     

矩形明渠中矩形边墩周围紊动强度和雷诺应力分布特性试验

利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量矩形断面明渠中矩形边墩周围不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算出水质点的三维相对紊动强度和雷诺应力,分析其变化特征。试验表明,紊动强度和雷诺应力在边墩周围明显增大且具有相类似的分布特征。该研究可为水流的紊动结构、丁坝与桥梁矩形边墩的水流紊动特性和冲刷机理提供验证资料。     

变断面明渠柔性植物水流特性试验研究

在变断面明渠,利用ADV测量流速,研究断面突然扩大情况下模型植物和真实植物的水流特性。结果表明:在水流稳定区域,布设真实鸢尾草和塑料鸢尾草模型的流速分布、雷诺应力分布和紊动强度分布具有一定相似性;雷诺应力和紊动强度在相对水深为0.6～1.1区域达到峰值,且从峰值区域向两端递减,总体上植物下部区域的紊动强度比植物上部区域大;同种植物紊动强度沿x、z方向的分布形式存在较大差别,紊动强度存在明显各向异性。     

天然河道水流紊动特性分析

本文采用超声多普勒三向流速仪对不同流量级的条件下长江干流黄陵庙水文观测断面不同垂线的脉动流速进行了观测。根据现场观测资料，对水流的紊动周期、频率、概率密度函数等进行了定量的数学描述，并对时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力等沿垂线的分布规律进行了分析计算。结果表明，脉动流速的概率分布在充分发展的自由紊流区近似为正态分布，在近壁强剪切紊流区为偏态分布；各垂线紊动强度在相对水深大于0．4的范围内比较均匀，在接近河底处升高，达到最大值后迅速减小，至河底为零。     

掺气减蚀挑跌坎与水流紊动特性

本文应用二维激光测速装置测量孔口后明槽水流紊动特性（时均流速、纵向垂向脉动流速强度分布）及掺气减蚀挑跌坎对其产生的影响程度和范围。明槽水流趋于稳定断面的平均相对纵向脉动流速强度σ↑－ｘ／ｕ↑－ｘ为０．０７，相对垂向脉动流速强度σ↑－ｙ／ｕ↑－ｘ约０．０３４，与其他条件下的测量结果一致；掺气减蚀设施会使时均流速减小，而纵向脉动流速强度和垂向脉动流速强度则会明显增强。但掺气设施对水流紊动特性的影响是沿     

有植被的河道水流紊动特性模型试验研究

通过物理模型试验,研究了有植被的河道水流紊动特性.试验结果表明,在复式断面河道滩地种植柔性植被后,滩地糙率增大,水流紊动更为剧烈,河道水流紊动强度峰值由原先的滩槽交界区转移到滩地区.滩地的水流紊动强度沿程递减;滩槽交界区的水流紊动强度沿程不断增大;主槽的水流紊动强度主要与床面糙率有关,滩地植被影响了滩地水流的归槽时间,使主槽水流流速沿程增大.     

桩群排列方式对水流结构特性的影响

利用室内水槽试验模拟了桩群不同排列方式工况下水流的运动规律,借助三维超声波多普勒测速仪(ADV)量测了不同断面、不同垂线、不同测点的时均流速,得到了不同工况下的流速分布、紊动强度、雷诺应力,并分析了它们的变化特征。结果表明:桩群使流速重新分布,在桩群区与非桩群区交界处流速明显减小,且桩群布置密度大时,水流绕流流速最大;当桩群排列方式改变时,各断面的三向紊动强度都会发生较大改变,但是对于某一方向上的紊动强度各断面仍有一定的相似性;修桩后雷诺应力分布规律有所不同,水流上侧的雷诺应力较大;桩群排列方式的改变不仅使雷诺应力沿程变化较大,而且改变了雷诺应力时均值的大小及最大值出现的位置。     

鱼道紊流特性研究进展

鱼道内的紊流特性对于鱼类能否顺利上溯洄游至关重要。为了解鱼道内的紊流状态,综述了丹尼尔式、竖缝式、组合式、涵洞式等鱼道内紊流流速、紊动能、紊流强度、雷诺剪切应力以及漩涡等紊流特性的研究进展,分析不同鱼道内紊流的分布规律及特点,指出鱼道中的紊流强度、紊动能等均会对鱼类对栖息地的选择以及鱼类通行造成较大的影响。此外,目前国内对鱼道内漩涡紊流特性的研究较少,建议对其深入研究,以改善鱼道内水力条件,保证鱼道有效运行。     

Turbulent flow structure at a 90-degree open channel confluence: Accounting for the distortion of the shear layer

City channels often have a smaller width-to-depth ratio in comparison to natural rivers due to the limited land availability. The penetration of the tributary into the main channel can cause the distortion of the shear layer. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the mean and turbulent flow structure in the distorted shear layer in a discharge-adjustable plexiglass circulating flume. Three-dimensional velocities were collected and hydrodynamics and turbulence characteristics such as mean velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress, turbulence spectrum, and occurrence probabilities of quadrant events were analyzed. The results showed that a stronger helical cell was formed and extended for a longer distance downstream when the tributary channel had a higher flow rate than the main channel. The maximum Reynolds shear stress and the ejection and sweep events were mainly distributed at the middle zone of the water depth, rather than near the water surface, which were coincident with the shear layer as indicated by the turbulence kinetic energy. No obvious energy concentration was observed, and the power law relations for individual velocity components all had an exponent slightly larger than −5/3 in the flow frequency. The distortion of the shear layer resulted in an increase in occurrence probabilities of ejection and sweep events within the shear layer, which were related to the turbulence presenting vortices induced by wall. If the discharge ratio remained unchanged, an increase in the discharge of both channels resulted in an increase in some parameters, such as velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and the absolute values of Reynolds shear stress, while the shear layer was distorted to a larger extent as the discharge of each channel decreased. All these results suggested that sediment transport, bed morphology and contaminant transport in the distorted shear layer at city channel confluences may differ significantly from that at natural river confluences.     

含柔性沉水植物明渠水流运动特性试验研究

采用激光多普勒流速仪(LDV)试验研究含柔性沉水植物的水流运动。试验结果表明:流速沿垂线分布呈S形,分为3个区域,即植物内部区、过渡区和上部区。植物密度对过渡区内流速影响显著,在该区内,植物密度越大则流速梯度越大。含植物水流的紊动强度和雷诺应力都明显增大,它们在垂线分布上有相似之处,都是在植物顶层的位置上达到最大值,说明在此区域内存在较强的能量交换和剪切作用;二者在植物顶层上部区域随着水深的增加而减小,在植物内部区随着水深的增加而增大。     

Investigating the turbulent flow characteristics in an open channel with staggered vegetation patches

In the present study, flow around circular and staggered vegetation patches was investigated numerically. For turbulence modelling, the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes technique and Reynolds stress model were adopted. The numerical model was validated with the experimental data using varying vegetation density and flow velocities. The simulated results of mean stream‐wise velocities were in close agreement with the experimental results. The results show that the mean stream‐wise velocity in the downstream regions of vegetation patches were reduced, whereas the velocity in the free stream regions were increased. The influence of neighbouring and staggered vegetation patches on the flow was observed. The vegetation patches with larger nondimensional flow blockage (aD = 2.3, where a is the frontal area per volume of patches, and D is the diameter of vegetation patches) offered more turbulence when compared to the patches with a smaller flow blockage (aD = 1.2). Larger turbulence in the form of kinetic energy and turbulent intensity was recorded within the vegetation as well as the regions directly behind the patches. Negative Reynolds stresses were observed at the top of submerged vegetation. The turbulence characteristics peaked at the top of vegetation, that is, z/h = 1.0 (where z is the flow depth, and h is the vegetation height), which may be migrated vertically as the frontal area of the vegetation patch is increased. This high frontal area also increased stream‐wise velocity above the vegetation, leading to an increased variation in turbulence around the vegetation canopy.     

含污染物的环流非充分发展弯道湍流数值模拟

本文建立了可模拟弯道中含污染物湍流的三维部份抛物型代数应力模型，以４５°弯道为例，针对左右两岸分别泄放污染物的环流非充分发展弯道流进行了计算，对所得的水流结构及污染物浓度分布进行了分析，结果充分反映出环流非充分发展弯道流中水流结构及污染浓度分布的特点。     

部分冰盖下水流水力特性数值模拟

运用Fluent软件建立雷诺应力模型,模拟不同冰盖覆盖度下恒定均匀流流场,从纵向时均流速、二次流、雷诺应力、紊动能等方面揭示部分冰盖下水流的水力特性。结果表明：岸冰的形成会导致冰盖下水流在断面上重新分配,明流区流速增大,冰盖下流速减小;横向动量交换产生复杂的二次流结构,涡体形状、数量、大小和位置随着冰盖覆盖度的增加而变化;雷诺应力断面分布较复杂,冰盖附近区域雷诺应力为负值,负值区范围与冰盖覆盖度密切相关,并凸向明流区;冰盖、边壁和床面的粗糙度不同导致紊动能在断面上的分布呈现出明显的差异,冰盖区紊动能大于明流区的值,反映出岸冰对冰盖下水流结构影响的复杂性。     

曲率缓变型反弧段水流的紊动特性

本文在曲率缓变型反弧段水流时均特性研究的基础上，进一步使用二维激光测速系统对其紊动特性进行探讨，通过试验测得反弧段时均流速分布，流向和法向脉动流速的各种特征值；应用离心不稳定性理论分析了反弧水流特性，阐明沿程断面流速分布在反弧前半部趋于瘦弱，后半部趋于丰满的原因，并说明离心不稳定性作用导致反弧水流的混掺加剧；论证了壁面切应力和紊流强度在反弧后半段逐渐增加的原因；通过试验发现离心不稳定性效应的滞后现     

Fully rough submerged plane wall-jets

This study presents the turbulent flow field in submerged plane wall-jets on horizontal fully rough walls detected by a Vectrino velocimeter. For the comparison between the fully rough and smooth submerged wall-jets, the smooth submerged wall-jet case was also revisited. The two-dimensional Reynolds averaged boundary layer equations of a steady turbulent flow are analyzed to determine the velocity and Reynolds shear stress profiles in the fully developed zone of smooth and fully rough submerged wall-jets. The response of the turbulent flow characteristics in submerged wall-jets to wall roughness is examined from the point of view of similarity characteristics, growth of the length scale, and decay of the velocity and turbulence characteristics scales; and compared with the response of those to smooth and transitionally rough walls. The significant observation is that with an appropriate scaling, the velocity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulence intensities in the fully developed zone of fully rough submerged wall-jets are reasonably similar. The rate of decay of jet-velocity on fully rough walls is greater than that on smooth wall, but it is less than that on transitionally rough walls due to the presence of roughness sub-layer on the fully rough walls. Analysis of the third-order moments of velocity fluctuations reveals that the jet-layer is associated with the arrival of low-speed fluid parcel causing an effect of retardation; while the inner-layer of circulatory flow is associated with the arrival of high-speed fluid parcel causing an effect of acceleration. Wall roughness influences the peak values (both positive and negative) of the third-order moments increasing them significantly. Thus, on fully rough walls, the arrival processes of low- and high-speed fluid parcels become stronger in the jet-layer and the inner-layer of circulatory flow, respectively. Also, the peak values of streamwise and vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy increase significantly in the presence of fully rough walls.