冰波运动特性及盖移质输冰能力研究

冰下盖移质冰颗粒集体运动时易形成一种特殊的冰情现象——冰波，其运动特性与冰塞形成、堆积演变及输冰能力密切相关。为探究冰波运动特性及盖移质输冰能力，借鉴泥沙输移理论，从理论层面建立了冰波运动的基本控制方程与盖移质输冰率方程，进一步推求了无量纲盖移质输冰强度（输冰能力）与水流强度的本构关系。结果表明:冰波形成需要一定的水力条件，冰波波高与背流面波长的变化及表征水流强度的弗劳德数Fr相关，同时也受水深、冰下阻力等因素的综合影响；建立的输冰率公式体现了输冰能力与水流条件的关系，且考虑了冰盖影响，优化了输冰能力的计算结果；总体上，输冰能力与水流强度呈复杂的函数关系，但水流强度仍是体现输冰能力的主要指标与便捷指标。研究结果可为寒区河流输冰能力的计算提供理论参考，同时可辅助揭示河流冰塞的形成机理。     

基于涡黏度模型的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解

冰盖的存在显著改变了河道水流结构，使流速垂向分布关于零切应力平抛物线面呈型。考虑到准确预测冰盖下水流流速分布是计算冰封河道流量、泥沙输移率和河床演变预估的基础，本文应用双层假定和冰盖流涡黏度模型，推导出一个物理意义明确且速度梯度连续的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解，并明确常见的冰盖流对数流速公式和双幂律流速公式的应用条件。采用水槽实测数据和原型实验数据，对比分析所提出的解析解与现有对数公式和双幂律公式的有效性和精确性，并基于本文解析解探究了纵向时均流速垂向分布对各物理特征参数的敏感性。结果表明，该解析解的流速计算值与实测值吻合较好且较现有对数公式和双幂律公式具有较高精度;雷诺数的较小变化并不会引起纵向时均流速垂向分布的较大改变，但流速分布对冰盖糙率与河床糙率的相对值比较敏感，且纵向时均流速的最大值偏向于较光滑边界一侧，该结论与以往基于k-ε湍流模型所得到的数值结果是一致的，再次证实了本文解析解的有效性。     

河冰演变过程分析的一维数学模型研究

通常情况下,河流中的冰情可以按照冰的形成和消融过程分为3个阶段:结冰期,封冻期和解冻期。一个能够完整描述河流结冰、封冻和解冻过程的河冰数学模型由以下3个分模型组成:水力模型、热力模型和冰冻模型。水力模型用于计算河道中流场和其水力要素;热力模型用于计算水体热交换,水温分布和降温过程;冰冻模型用于模拟水内冰的产生,冰花输移,浮冰输移,底冰增厚和消融,冰盖的形成、推进和增厚,冰盖的热力增厚和消融,冰盖前缘下潜输冰能力和冰塞演变过程。这3个模型相互影响和作用,水力条件影响热力交换和冰冻过程,热力条件决定冰冻过程,冰冻过程又反过来影响水力条件和热力条件。本文给出一个能够完整描述河流结冰、封冻和解冻过程的一维河冰数学模型,当然也可以用其中的分模型计算某一特定河冰过程。     

河冰演变的数值模拟

提出了一种适用于河网的精细河冰模型——ＲＩＣＥＮ模型。该模型由两大部分组成：挟冰河网非恒定水流模型；热力和冰情模拟模型。ＲＩＣＥＮ模型模拟了：包括过冷过程的水温沿河道的变化；水内冰浓度分布；底冰的增长和消融；面冰输移；冰盖的推进、稳定和消融；冰盖下冰的输移、堆积和冲蚀。该模型已应用于尼亚加拉（Ｎｉａｇａｒａ）河上游和黄河下游的冰情研究。     

分汊型河道水流运动特性和污染物输移规律研究进展

对分汊型河道的水流运动特性和污染物输移扩散规律的相关研究进行综述,分别从分汊型河道中分汊口、交汇口、整个分汊河道的水流特性及分汊型河道中的污染物输移特性等4个方面进行总结。介绍分汊口和交汇口处的水流从其能量损失、水位变化、水流分离等一维、二维过流特征到三维流动结构和紊动特性的研究过程;从野外现场试验、室内物理模型试验和数学模型模拟等角度出发阐述了整个分汊河道的水流特性;认为污染物在分汊河道中的输运规律研究主要集中在数值模拟上,并进行了回顾和分析;提出分汊河道水流水质输移特性研究中一些有待深入探究的问题,尤其亟待加强不同排放方式、不同污染物密度和不同分汊形态下污染物输移机制的试验研究。     

冰期河流弯道冰水动力学行为研究

以黄河什四份子弯道为研究对象,基于2019-2020年度的凌情监测影像及现场试验数据,分析了河流弯道冰水动力学行为特征。结果表明:上宽下窄的河道形态是造成弯道卡冰的主要原因,流凌-封河阶段,弯顶节点工程对水流的顶托作用促进了上游回流区的形成;受弯道离心力作用,河冰聚集于河道凹岸一侧,并在回流区堆积形成冰桥,从而缩小了断面过冰面积,河道逐渐封冻;弯顶下游流速大且来冰量少,形成清沟,主流向河中发展;冰塞堆积于弯顶上游凹岸主河槽内,水流被挤压至凸岸非冰塞区,弯道主流易位;在稳封期,河道冰水动力特征基本不再变化,在解冻开河期,凸岸非冰塞区流速较大,主流区冰盖优先解冻且沿主流输移,回流区冰盖最后消融,河道主流逐渐恢复至畅流阶段,整体呈复归式。     

二维水沙和温度及浓度场数学模型与应用

 根据水流泥沙运动和水质（温度及浓度）扩散传播基本理论，建立了平面二维水流泥沙和温度及浓度场数学模型，以之研究水库、河道、河口水流及其输移物质运动规律，并采用有限体积法和有限元法来离散和求解这些模型方程组，用以模拟河道水流及其输移物质运动规律。该模型计算过程稳定，计算速度快，已在诸多工程中广泛应用，并得到原型观测成果的检验。     

黄河内蒙古段冰封期泥沙输移特性与规律研究

与畅流期相比,河冰的存在改变了河道的水位、流量、流速分布、泥沙浓度等参数,进而影响水流的输沙能力及河道演变。通过对黄河内蒙古段冰封期的野外观测,分析了冰盖对水深、流速的影响。同时根据水文站多年资料分析,探讨了冰封期黄河内蒙古段泥沙特性及输移规律。指出冰封期泥沙浓度随着流凌开始降低,在冰封期达到最低,冰封期浓度值比畅流期小5~20倍,输沙量小2~15倍,开河后逐渐增大,且泥沙颗粒的中值粒径D50值大于畅流期的。本研究对黄河冰封期的泥沙输移规律以及河道演变提供一定的参考。     

冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布

开展冰盖下典型复式断面河道水深平均流速的横向分布规律研究,对于凌汛防治具有重要意义。本文在SKM法的基础上,结合双层假设理论,并将二次流项并入雷诺切应力项,建立了考虑河床摩擦、冰盖阻力、横向剪切湍流和二次流影响的准二维数学模型。与相应的物理模型实验结果对比发现,所提出的准二维数学模型能够合理预测复式断面河道各断面的水深平均流速横向分布及河道过流量。本文提出的数学模型,无需通过计算机编程联立求解复杂方程组,即可获得水深平均流速的横向分布特征,对研究具有复式断面的覆冰河道的水流特征具有一定的指导意义。     

基于分形理论的冰下水流流速垂线分布研究

冰下水流流速分布是冰凌生消、泥沙输移、河床演变及冰期输水的重要参考依据,基于分形理论,在前人的研究基础上,研究了冰下水流流速垂线分布规律。结果表明,依托明渠水流的若干成果,从分形理论出发,基于Einstein假定,可推出已有冰下不同形式的流速垂线分布公式;理论分析认为,冰下分区水流流速分布近似镜像,均具有分形特征,可用双对数公式表达,实测结果证明,对于弯曲河道,水流核心区流速分布均匀,并不服从对数分布,公式在运用时需考虑适用性或引入因子项;稳封期,冰盖区水流流速分布的分维值大于河床区,流速分布更均匀,而在弯道卡冰区域,由于弯道冰下水流结构的复杂性,河床区水流流速分布的分维值无规律。对冰下水流流速的研究,拓展了分形理论在水流流速垂线分布研究方面的应用成果,概化的冰下水流结构,对工程运用有一定借鉴意义。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比α0(初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值)分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比α0对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随α0变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。